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    Week 2 Critical Thinking Sharmaine Beverly BIO 299 Professor Donna Khalid March 23, 2020

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    Giang Nguyễn
    The document discusses several topics in microbiology: 1. The term "ubiquitous" can appropriately describe bacteria and archaea because they can be found everywhere on Earth. 2. Bacteria that cause meningitis and typhoid fever release endotoxins from their cell walls that induce fever and systemic shock through stimulation of the immune system and inflammatory responses. 3. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles in eukaryotic cells like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells, explaining both similarities like DNA and differences like membrane structures between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 4. Protozoans have

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    Week 2 Critical Thinking Sharmaine Beverly BIO 299 Professor Donna Khalid March 23, 2020

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    Giang Nguyễn
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    The document discusses several topics in microbiology: 1. The term "ubiquitous" can appropriately describe bacteria and archaea because they can be found everywhere on Earth. 2. Bacteria that cause meningitis and typhoid fever release endotoxins from their cell walls that induce fever and systemic shock through stimulation of the immune system and inflammatory responses. 3. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles in eukaryotic cells like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells, explaining both similarities like DNA and differences like membrane structures between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 4. Protozoans have

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    The document discusses several topics in microbiology: 1. The term "ubiquitous" can appropriately describe bacteria and archaea because they can be found everywhere on Earth. 2. Bacteria that cause meningitis and typhoid fever release endotoxins from their cell walls that induce fever and systemic shock through stimulation of the immune system and inflammatory responses. 3. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles in eukaryotic cells like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells, explaining both similarities like DNA and differences like membrane structures between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 4. Protozoans have

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    21 views4 pages

    Week 2 Critical Thinking Sharmaine Beverly BIO 299 Professor Donna Khalid March 23, 2020

    Uploaded by

    Giang Nguyễn
    The document discusses several topics in microbiology: 1. The term "ubiquitous" can appropriately describe bacteria and archaea because they can be found everywhere on Earth. 2. Bacteria that cause meningitis and typhoid fever release endotoxins from their cell walls that induce fever and systemic shock through stimulation of the immune system and inflammatory responses. 3. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles in eukaryotic cells like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells, explaining both similarities like DNA and differences like membrane structures between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 4. Protozoans have

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Week 2 critical thinking

    Sharmaine Beverly
    BIO 299
    Professor Donna Khalid
    March 23, 2020
    week 2 critical thinking

    1. Define the term ubiquitous and explain whether this term can be used


    appropriately to describe bacteria and archaea.

    Ubquitous is term, which is usually used for bacteria and archaea. But why people
    use this word to describe bacteria and archaea. At first, we have to understand the
    meaning of this word. Ubiquitous means to be or appear everywhere at the same
    time. This term can be used appropriately to describe bacteria and archaea because
    we can find them everywhere in the earth. Because bacteria and archaea have that
    characteristic then the word ubiquitous can be used appropriately to describe them.

    2. Based upon your knowledge of cell wall structure, explain how the microbes
    causing meningitis and typhoid fever can induce fever and systemic shock in an
    infected patient.

    The microbes which cause meningitis and typhoid fever can induce fever and
    systemic shock in an infected patient. How can they do that? It is related to the cell
    wall structure of microbes. The cell wall of microbes has lipopolysaccharide
    (LPS). It is also called endotoxin. It is an important component for gram (-)
    bacterial. It helps them to maintain cell wall integrity. LPS contains three main
    parts, the O-antigen, the Core oligosaccharide and Lipid-A. Whenever the cell
    wall is degraded, Lipid-A is released from the bacterial cell and is the component
    responsible for the toxic effects of LPS on the human body. The O-antigen is the
    mark helps the immune system recognize the stranger agents in our body. Immune
    system will respond by releasing the substances which may stimulate pathways
    that compound the negative effects of endotoxins. And the inflammation response
    is activated. Then many substances is released such as cytokines interleukins,
    prostaglandins and tumor necrosis factor. They cause fever and they are also
    mediate the shock response, which cause the systemic shock in an infected patient.

    3. Summarize the endosymbiotic theory and explain how it accounts for major
    structural similarities and differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cells.

    The endosymbiotic theory proposes that some organelles (mitochondria and


    chlopoplasts) in the eukaryotic cells nowadays were the prokaryotic microbes (or
    bacterial) in the past. Here are some evidences, major structural similarities and
    differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
    +Both chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are the same size
    as prokaryotic cells (~1-10 microns), they all divide by binary fission. Eukaryotes
    is larger (~50 - 500 microns), they divide by mitosis.
    week 2 critical thinking

    + Both chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotes


    have their own single, circular chromosomes while Eukaryotes have multiple
    linear chromosomes compartmentalized in a nucleus.
    + Both chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells have their own
    ribosomes that have 70S subunits like prokaryotes while eukaryotes have
    ribosome that have 80S subunits.
    +About the electron chain, both chloroplasts and mitochondria have the
    electron chain which is found in plasma membrane around cell like prokaryotes
    while in eukaryotes, they are not found in the plasma membrane
    around cell (found only in the cell's mitochondria and chloroplasts).

    4. Summarize the general life cycle of a protozoan, explaining the importance of the
    various stages in disease transmission and species identification.

    During a general life circle, a protozoan pass through various stages, and in each
    stage it has the different structure and activities. Their life cycle can happen inside
    or outside of the host tissues. They can multiply by asexual division or sexual
    reproduction. They have two main forms: cyst and trophozoite. When the
    condition is harsh, they stay in the dormant cyst form and when they are in
    trophozoite, they actively feed. When a cyst becomes trophozoite, it is called
    excystation and the opposite process is called encystation. The various stages have
    many advantages for the protozoan. The cyst form helps protozoan survive in the
    harsh condition, helps them to evade the immune response and the effect of drugs.
    They can survive until have the good condition and transfer to trophozoite to infect
    the host. When in the environment, protozoan is almost in trophozoite form and
    outside the host, it is almost in cyst form. Through the size, morphology…of each
    form of the protozoan, a knowledge person can identify the its specie.

    Reference:

    Libretexts. (2019, June 14). 7.8: The Endosymbiotic Theory. Retrieved March 27, 2020, from
    https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book:_Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_4:_Euk
    aryotic_Microorganisms_and_Viruses/07:_The_Eukaryotic_Cell/7.8:_The_Endosymbiotic_Theo
    ry
    The Endosymbiotic Theory. (2002, January 14). Retrieved March 27, 2020, from
    https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html
    The Impact of Endotoxin on the Human Body. (2014, April 20). Retrieved April 28, 2020, from
    https://www.wakopyrostar.com/blog/post/the-impact-of-endotoxin-on-the-human-body/
    week 2 critical thinking

    Libretexts. (2019, September 25). 14.6B: Protozoa. Retrieved March 28, 2020, from
    https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book:_Microbiology_(Boundless)/14:_Path
    ogenicity/14.6:_Pathogenicity_and_Other_Microbes/14.6B:_Protozoa
    Cowan, M. K., & Smith, H. (2018). Microbiology: a systems approach. New York, NY: McGraw-
    Hill Education.

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