Building a Future on a Foundation of Excellence

UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT PERSPECTIVE OF LIFE: EXPERIENCE

BEYOND A FATHER

Research Paper

Submitted to MARLYN C. SALUDES of Senior High School

In

Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

Practical Research 1

RHENALYN G. HERNANDO

JOEL M. LAMANGAN KIRBY G. LAURON

DAVE SABERON LEXELLE JANE F. ABENIS

APPLE JAEN AVILA ANGELIE C. HERNANDO

FELIZA MARIE MAGPATOC CLARIZ P. MONTERO

NOR A. NARI NERINE JANNA NERI

MARCH 2020
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled, “TITLE OF THE STUDY IN ALL BIG LETTERS”

prepared and submitted by ALL NAMES OF THE AUTHOR HERE In title case
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the for the core subject in Practical
Research 1 has been examined and recommended for oral examination,
acceptance and approval.

MARLYN C. SALUDES, LPT, MAEd

Adviser
_
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Panel on Oral Examination with a grade of __________.

CYRIL LEONARD L. MURING, LPT

Member

LEONOR D. RASONABE-ZALDIVAR, LPT, PhD

Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 1.

JENIFER D. BUGAS, Lpt

OIC-Senior High School

Oral Examination: ___________

Date: March 3, 2020
 Abstract

Objective:

To explore the lived experiences of being undergraduate father and

how they fulfil their new role of being a father.

Method:

In this study, is applied in qualitative design which is suitable

approach in describing the situation of being undergraduate father and the

descriptive phenomenology is used in line with the statement of waters (2017),

that the goal of qualitative phenomena logical research is to describe the

phenomenon a “lived experience” of phenomenon. Semi-structured interview or

face-to-face interview was defined by Kvale (1983 as cited by Opdenakker, 2006)

as “an interview whose purpose is to gather descriptions of the life-world of the

interviewee with respect to interpretation of the meaning of the described

phenomena”. The ethical aspect were addressed through the process of

informed consent, confidentiality and methodological rigor

Results:

The phenomenon of becoming an undergraduated father in aspect of

facing a new role revealed through this central themes: Emotions in conflict;

internal mobilization to address the situation; position oneself in a new role; and

need to support. The central contribution of the transformation process towards

the integrated role of undergraduated father.

Conclusion:

The process of becoming a mother or father is an experience marked by

large internal demands, as well as external demands from the environment.

Being a parent signifies adopting a new role and facing the challenge of

successfully fulfilling this role. When becoming a parent occurs at the same time

as studying an undergraduate degree, students may experience a crisis that has

the potential for a positive outcome if they face the challenge as an opportunity to

grow and develop. In order to achieve a successful resolution of this crisis,

students require additional support from their families, as well as from the higher

education institution where they are studying. Institutional support is essential for

the positive development of both the parental and student roles. Experience with

undergraduate students in the process of becoming parents, and in this way

support and guide them in the acquisition of their new parental role. The purpose

of this support is to promote well-being and healthy development of the student

and their family as they reconcile both roles of student and parent research on

undergraduate/graduate parenthood analyses the way in which both roles are

developed. These studies have shown that when there is lack of support, for

example from family and/or from the higher education institution, student-parents

perceive themselves as both poor students and poor parents.

 Acknowledgement

First of all we would like to thank our mentor Mrs. Marlyn Saludez

for the continuous support of this research study and writing, for her

patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His

guidance helped in all the time of research and writing. The team could

not have imagined having a better mentor for this study than you.

Subsequently, thanking her for her friendship, patience, and love

The team would like also to thank the rest of the oral examination

panels Mrs. Leonor Rasonable and Mr. Cyril Leonard Muring for her

encouragement, insightful comments, and hard questions.

In particular, grateful also to Mrs. Marilou Ompad, Mr. Cyril

Leonard Muring and Mr. Ramil Cubelo for approving the conduct of the

study in the campus and who believed that this study is enlightening.

Moreover, heartfelt thanks to the team’s validators who carefully dissect

each statement. Their expertise made the survey questionnaire put its

final form.

Sincere thanks also go to the parents who gave consent to their

son and daughter to be the respondents of this study. Without their

approval, this paper will not be materialized.

 Thanks to the researchers’ classmates and fellow team members

for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights work together

before deadlines, and for all the fun. It was indeed, a very good

opportune time to laugh but honed each other’s research skills.

Also, thanks to all the team’s friends in Davao City National High

School who were shadows and had given encouragement that these

team members can meet what is expected.

Finally, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His

showers of blessings throughout this academic endeavor to complete the

research successfully.

-The Researchers-
 Dedication

“We would like to dedicate our research to the father who continue supporting

their children despite of the challenge their facing.

We researcher also want to dedicate this research to their families who

supported us to conduct this research study, for teachers who help and guide us

to make a final output. It could be a guide to the next researchers.

-THE REASERCHERS-
 Table of Contents

Title Page

Title page i

Approval Sheet

Abstract

Acknowledgment

Dedication

Table of Contents ii

List of Tables iii

List of Figures iv

CHAPTER

1 Introduction 1

Purpose of the Study 3

Objective of the Study 4
Research Questions 4
Theoretical Lens 9
2 Review of Related Literature and Studies 10

3 Method 11

Philosophical Assumption 12
Research Design
Participants and Sampling 13
 Ethical Considerations 14
Role of the Researcher 15
Data Collection 15
Data Analysis 16
Trustworthiness of the Study 17

4 Results and Discussions 18

Write in here the title of your heading

5 Summary, Implications and Future Direction 20

Summary
Implications
Future Direction

References 23

Appendices

A Consent Agreement Form 26

B Guide Questions for Interview 29

List of Figures

Figure Page
Concept Map 1
1 10

2 Concept Map 2 20
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

According to Camila Lucchini-Raies, et.al.( 2018), A family is a

human group integrated by various members and a social system where most

human process occurs. The family environment has the capacity to provide the

necessary physical, emotional, spiritual, and economic conditions for each

member to reach their potential. The birth of a child in the early phase of family

constitution is a very important period in the life of a couple as it signifies the

incorporation of a new member to the family, who requires large amounts of

attention and care from their parents. This implies that both members of the

couple must develop the roles of mother or father, respectively. Traditional family

structures, for example parents and child/children living at the same home, are

still the conventional type of family in Chile. However, there are several different

types of family that must be considered, for example a mother or father living

alone with their child/children, parents that do not live together, and grandparents

raising their grandchildren. The process of becoming a mother or father is an

experience marked by large internal demands, as well as external demands from

the environment. Being a parent signifies adopting a new role and facing the

challenge of successfully fulfilling this role. This study is about the lived

experiences of being undergraduate father; to know there coping skills during

their odd times of raising a family and to identify what are their contribution in our
community. Why we study this case is because we observed that the main

problem in this country is poverty, we conclude that why Filipino didn’t finish their

studies is because of this and we also know that father is the one who support

the family and provide their daily needs. That’s why we study this case because

they’re problems that they encounter of undergraduate father. This are the

problem; “position oneself as a father”-(what are the experiences and challenge

that they face every day), lack of opportunities-(work and low salary), and father

figure-(how they handle and raised their children).

GLOBAL ISSUE

The Global issue of our study, According to Hargreaves (2002),

reported that in Germany students with parents who are involved in their school

tend to have fewer problems, better academic performance and are more likely

to complete high school than students who are not involved in their school. Good

grades require positive effects of parental involvement that have to be

demonstrated at both elementary and secondary levels across several studies

with the largest effect often occurring at elementary level where numeracy,

literacy as well as values of human development are very essential. Atieno

(2012) emphasizes that the quest for provision of quality education continues to a

matter that continues to be cherished by both consumers and providers of

education in Kenya and the entire developing world. Parents’ education and

family interaction pattern during childhood also might be linked more directly to
the children’s developing academic success and achievements that includes

among others oriented attitudes, general social learning and cognitive framework

(Bandura 1996). Bandura stated that behaviour is shaped in part through

observational and direct learning experiences. Learning takes a course of

interactive actions and reactions which implies that it is learning by copying from

parents and that everything children do is by and through socialization. Education

is a basic right for all children around the world, yet in the developing world there

are almost two billion children, most of which are not receiving an proper

education, or any education at all. According to the Global Fund for Children one

in five children, 120 to 125 million children, are not enrolled in school. Of those

who do receive an education, mostly in the developing world, one in five will not

make it past in fifth grade. The lack of education for much of the world’s children

is of grave concern, and continues to impact not only the lives of the children

themselves, but the development and progress or entire nations. If a large

majority of a countries children are not educated, the prospect of the future

business, political,, religious and government leaders of is marred for many

generations. As a world community we are fighting poverty, disease, war, child

labour, child soldiers, human slavery, trafficking, and so much more, yet our

biggest fight and the root of so many issues is a lack of education. Children and

adults who are illiterate or uneducated are more susceptible for victimization and

therefore decrease life expectancy.

 NATIONAL ISSUE

According to the John Penington(2017), The Philippine education

system is not so unified. It fully complies with the rules of an extremely classified

society. Where there is an organized system, education, is not at all resource-

poor. The extremely poor education outcomes stem from the facts that the

Filipino mind-set does not value knowledge and culture. They value the diploma

and assess how rich you are appearances plays a larger role than the substance.

In fact the education system focuses on looking minds passing obey to the

authority mentality than to create free mindset the vast majority of Filipino

students are enrolled at the undergraduate level. Fully 89 percent were

matriculated in bachelor-level programs and another 4.8 percent in pre-bachelor

programs in the 2016/17 academic year. High dropout rates, high number of

repeaters, low passing grades, lack of particular language skills, failure to

adequately respond and address the needs of people with special needs,

overcrowded classrooms, and poor teacher performances, have greatly affected

the quality of education in the Philippines. According to the human capital theory,

the economic development of a nation is a function of the quality of its education

In other words, the more and better educated a people, the greater the chances

of economic development. Thus, in a globalized setting, investment in human

capital has become a condition for international competitiveness. In the

Philippines, I often hear harsh criticism against the politics of globalization. At the

same time, regarding the labor markets, I can hardly think of another nation that

is so much a part of a globalized economy than the Philippines with nearly ten
per cent of the overall population working beyond the shores of the native land.

Arguably, the phenomenon also has an educational dimension, as the Philippine

society is footing the bill for the education of millions of people, who then spend

the better part of their productive years abroad. In effect, the poor Philippine

educational system, social divide. Still, the distinct social cleavage regarding

educational opportunities remains problematic for more than one reason.

Historically, in most modern societies, education has had an equalizing effect.

LOCAL ISSUE

Local According to Kerry D. Feldman, the data on basic demographic

variables of squatter communities in Davao City are presented in conjunction

with fundamental theories and questions concerning the urbanization process in

Southeast Asia as these involve squatter settlements. Support is offered for the

hypothesis that natural increase is more responsible for urban growth in

Southeast Asia than it was in the West during a comparable stage of growth.

However, contrary to current conclusions concerning the economics of squatter

households, the data reveal that male heads of the Davao City squatter families

are not generally working as peddlers in the "bazaar" sector of the economy. The

squatters investigated appear to be potential "middle-class" citizens, capable of

supporting themselves and of contributing positively to the nation's efforts at

reversing the feudalistic social order which has been its traditional characteristic.

Parents or fathers wants to be strong for his family. The disadvantages of non-

graduate father is hard to find a job, that’s why other fathers will go to the other

country to get some job to think that other citizens. The serious issue here in
Davao City is the early pregnancy of their girlfriends that’s why instead of

continuing to study they choose to get some job to sustain the needs of their

family.

RATIONALLY

Here are the benefits of our study, (1) to inform and give awareness to

the readers of what are the impact of being undergraduate in our society.

According to Wandrei, k., not finishing high school doesn't only impact a

student's future income. Dropouts are also more likely to be incarcerated in

prison. According to a study by the Center for Labor Market Studies, high school

dropouts are more than 63 times more likely to be incarcerated than four-year

college graduates and more than six times more likely to be incarcerated than

those with only a high school diploma. While less than 0.1 percent of bachelor's

degree holders were imprisoned, 1 percent of high school graduates and 6.3

percent of dropouts were imprisoned. (2) Benefit is it help you to plan your future

in a better way, According to Woods, L., Planning is essential to the success of

any business. When a company has a plan to follow, leaders are better equipped

to prepare for the future. A business plan creates a focus for the company,

uniting employees toward common goals. When everyone works together, it’s

easier to manage time and resources, to position the company for growth. And

(3) it could help to avoid teenage pregnancy or engaged with a early relationship.

According to Barber, J. et. al., No marital childbearing has increased

dramatically, from less than 5% of births in 1940 to approximately 40% in

2013.1 Young unmarried women who get pregnant are

 disadvantaged:2 unmarried mothers and fathers are more likely to be in their

teens, to have multi-partner fertility, to be poor, to suffer from depression, to have

difficulties with substance abuse, and to have spent time in jail. Unmarried

parents are also much more likely to be poor and to rely on public assistance

programs than married parents

Objectives of the Study:

The study aims to reveal the meaning of life attributed by being under graduated

father with their parental role and their experiences. This seeks to answer the

following objectives:

1. To explore the lived experiences and challenges of under graduated

student in the perspective of being a father,

2. To examine the coping skills of the under graduated during the odd times

in raising a family; and

3. To study the insight of under graduate student this could contributed in the

community

THEORITICAL LENS

According to Kristina M. Scharp &Elizabeth Dorrance Hall (2017),

Approximately 4.8 million undergraduate students are also raising at least one

child but only 26% of these student parents will graduate within six years. This
study aimed to examine how academic and parenting stress influence the

relationship between support-seeking factors (i.e., the costs of seeking support

and communicated support availability) and somatic health symptoms such as

headaches, sleep disruption, and exercise. Two parallel mediation models (n =

185 undergraduate student parents) are compared and revealed strong patterns

of indirect effects. Intrapersonal and interpersonal costs indirectly influenced

somatic symptoms through academic and parenting stress. Stress also mediated

the relationship between support seeking factors and somatic symptoms.

Theoretical implications and practical applications are discussed. There is clear

evidence that parents can and do influence children. There is equally clear

evidence that children’s genetic makeup affects their own behavioral

characteristics, and also influences the way they are treated by their parents.

Twin and adoption studies provide a sound basis for estimating the strength of

genetic effects, although heritability estimates for a given trait vary widely across

samples, and no one estimate can be considered definitive. This chapter argues

that knowing only the strength of genetic factors, however, is not a sufficient

basis for estimating environmental ones and indeed, that attempts to do so can

systematically underestimate parenting effects. Children’s genetic predispositions

and their parents’ childrearing regimes are seen to be closely interwoven, and

the ways in which they function jointly to affect children’s development are

explored. What are the forces that affect when and how children will change as

they grow older? Can development be seen as a progressive process whereby

children move toward a specifiable outcome or end state that we can call
maturity? What conditions determine differences among children in their rates of

development or their ultimate outcomes? These questions have been at the heart

of much of the work in developmental psychology since the inception of the field.

In pursuing the answers, the broad forces of nature and nurture, and the interplay

between them, have been of central concern. It has long been clear that there

are powerful maturational time-tables governing developmental change: e.g. the

progression in infancy from sitting to crawling to standing to walking, or in the

acquisition of language, the transition from rudimentary one-word utterances

through intermediate phrases to the production of full, well-formed sentences.

However, it has been equally obvious that children are learning many things

through their daily experiences in interacting with the physical and social world,

and that what is learned is not encoded in the genes. Some of the experiences

children have are random—not planned or organized by any outside agency—

but some occur according to what might be called a socialization time table. It is

here that parenting has its place. All societies prescribe certain characteristics

that their members are expected to possess and certain things people must not

do, if they are to function adequately as members of their society. Some of these

prescriptions and proscriptions are nearly universal across cultures, such as the

requirement for parents, or specified parent surrogates, to provide nurturance

and protection for children. Other standards and values vary greatly from one

cultural setting to another. In all societies, training of children occurs, and social

controls are in place to ensure that children are socialized—that is, brought up in

such a way that each new generation acquires the prescribed patterns of beliefs
and behaviours. Of course, cultures do change, either slowly or rapidly, so that

the cross-generational transmission is by no means absolute. A new generation

may need to adapt to conditions that the parent generation did not face. And

transmission of values, even when they continue to be appropriate for

succeeding generations, is not always successful. Some children in every cohort

may be seen to be inadequately socialized by the criteria that the society applies.

Not all socialization occurs in childhood. People are socialized into the customs

and standards of an occupational culture when they take up an entry-level job.

Socialization and re-socialization occur when adults enter into new life roles (e.g.

marriage, parenthood). In considering the role of parents, however, we are

mainly concerned with childhood socialization. Some of the socialization that

occurs throughout childhood is in a sense anticipatory, in that it functions to

prepare children for adaptation to a fairly wide range of life roles and the various

contexts children will encounter as they grow older. But childhood socialization

also concerns the training of children in modes of behaviour that are acceptable

for the stage of childhood they currently occupy. Societies set different standards

for people at different stages of their life cycle, and there are requirements that

loom especially large in childhood. These include requirements for children to

comply with adult demands, to avoid irritating adults or disrupting their activities,

to accept age-appropriate responsibility, and to function as a pleasant,

cooperative family member. In modern societies, there are least three major

contexts in which childhood socialization takes place: families, peer groups, and

out-of-home contexts such as school classrooms or day-care centers in which

the daily experiences of children are structured and overseen by adults. The

enormous body of literature on childhood socialization has strongly emphasized

the role of parents.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

A family is a human group integrated by various members and a

social system where most human process occurs. The family environment has

the capacity to provide the necessary physical, emotional, spiritual, and

economic conditions for each member to reach their potential. The birth of a child

in the early phase of family constitution is a very important period in the life of a

couple as it signifies the incorporation of a new member to the family, who

requires a large amounts of attention and care from their parents. This implies

that both members of the couple must develop the roles of mother or father,

respectively.1 Traditional family structures, for example parents and

child/children living at the same home, are still the conventional type of family in

Chile. However, there are several different types of family that must be

considered, for example a mother or father living alone with their child/children,

parents that do not live together, and grandparents raising their grandchildren.

The process of becoming a mother or father is an experience marked by large

internal demands, as well as external demands from the environment. Being a

parent signifies adopting a new role and facing the challenge of successfully

fulfilling this role.

 Higher education and university life demands considerable time and

energy from the student, both from an academic and an emotional point of view.

Students face a new world in which they must develop social abilities necessary

to navigate this new environment, as well as develop and put into practice their

intellectual abilities. When becoming a parent occurs at the same time as

studying an undergraduate degree, students may experience a crisis that has the

potential for a positive outcome if they face the challenge as an opportunity to

grow and develop. In order to achieve a successful resolution of this crisis,

students require additional support from their families, as well as from the higher

education institution where they are studying. Institutional support is essential for

the positive development of both the parental and student roles.

Nurses and faculty members are called to share their knowledge

and experience with undergraduate students in the process of becoming parents,

and in this way support and guide them in the acquisition of their new parental

role. The purpose of this support is to promote wellbeing and healthy

development of the student and their family as they reconcile both roles of

student and parent. Limited literature has been published exploring the

phenomenon of the twin role of university student and parent in Chile,

nevertheless, some international research on undergraduate/graduate

parenthood analyses the way in which both roles are developed. These studies

have shown that when there is lack of support, for example from family and/or
from the higher education institution, student-parents perceive themselves as

both poor students and poor parents.

Given the lack of published research in this field, the aim of this current study

was to explore the meaning students attributed to their experience of becoming a

mother/father during their university life and its impact in family development.
 CHAPTER 2

Method

This chapter, discussed the philosophical assumptions, provided a

rationale for using qualitative research, explained the criteria in choosing the

respondents, discussed the ethical considerations and role of the researcher,

enumerated the data collection method and discussed the construction of the

interview guide, the data analysis procedure and trustworthiness of the study.

Philosophical Assumptions

The researcher gained enough preparation and learning the case study,

to give more information and to give us a more valuable research. Being a child

of undergraduate father could be enough of researcher to be equipped with

necessary knowledge and curiosity to venture in such study.

Qualitative assumption on research constitutes the purposeful use for

describing, explaining, and interpreting collected data and by face to face

interview. And also to determine their experience, there insight and challenges. It

is conducted within a poststructuralist paradigm. It is the process of collecting,

analyzing, and interpreting data in order to understand a phenomenon

(Leedy&Ormrod, 2001 cited in Williams, 2007). The reason why people do

research is to basically acquire new knowledge and find an answer to a question.

In this study, the researcher decided to make qualitative as it draws out life
experiences of 3 undergraduate father. The researcher believes that some

concerns and problems are needed to be evaluated subjectively and studied the

case of four persons with locomotive problem about the experiences in the

surroundings.

Research Design

In this study, is applied in qualitative design which is suitable approach in

describing the situation of being undergraduate father and the descriptive

phenomenology is used in line with the statement of waters (2017),that the goal

of qualitative phenomena logical research is to describe the phenomenon a “lived

experience” of phenomenon. With this information, knowing to explore the

experiences of person with locomotive problem, I believe, this study is beneficial

to use the descriptive phenomenological inquiry.

Participants and Sampling

The participants for this studyare the 3 undergraduate were the persons

with locomotive problem who experienced the struggles of being undergraduate

father. Sampling was purposive and data were collected in language form.

Process of Selecting Participants. The participants were based on the

following criteria: one must be with aundegraduate father, having a family in early

age or teenage pregnancy. This person must have the facility to speak so that,
he can respond to a semi – structured interview with open – ended questions.

This person must be between ages 18-45 as mandates by law on legal age

(Republic Act No. 6809). The age is intentionally raised to this bracket in order to

obtain opinion and ideas concerning his environment. The participants can male.

Process of Locating the Participants. The researcher sent letters to the

partich s the 3 undergraduate father. For the sake of confidentiality, names of the

participants wereAKAor alais. Instead the participants were given codes which

are Ado, Kol, and Datu.

Participant 1:Ado got a married at the age of 25 and have a child in the

age of 28 even though he got a family in a right time for him there is a conflict in

finding a job. Now be has a 2 sons and his work now is automotive, the work

automotive for him is very difficult work for him but because of his love for his

family he continue and work hard for his family. He also mentioned that if he

didnt got accident.

Participant 2:kol also an undergraduate father because of being

undergraduate he got so many jobs like security guard, waiter ,etc. Because of

not having a permanent job he has a difficult in finding a wife or having a family.

In the age of 28 he had a family and so that on he has his job he is a electrician

and hope for permanent job.

Participant 3: Datu he is a mason(construction) assigned everywhere he

has 2 child and a wife. Being undergraduate father for him is very difficult

because of unstable job and he needs to sustain the needs of his family
especially in milk and vitamins. He is 17 when he got his first child ad get into a

family in early age.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the

research. Dissertations may even be doomed to failure if this part is missing.

According to Bryman and Bell (2007)[1] the following ten points represent the

most important principles related to ethical considerations in dissertations:

 Any type of communication in relation to the research should be done with

honesty and transparency.

 Any type of misleading information, as well as representation of primary

data findings in a biased way must be avoided.

In order to address ethical considerations aspect of your dissertation in an

effective manner, you will need to expand discussions of each of the following

points to at least one paragraph:

1. Voluntary participation of respondents in the research is important. Moreover,

participants have rights to withdraw from the study at any stage if they wish to do

so.
2. Respondents should participate on the basis of informed consent. The

principle of informed consent involves researchers providing sufficient

information and assurances about taking part to allow individuals to understand

the implications of participation and to reach a fully informed, considered and

freely given decision about whether or not to do so, without the exercise of any

pressure or coercion.[2]

3. The use of offensive, discriminatory, or other unacceptable language needs to

be avoided in the formulation of Questionnaire/Interview/Focus group questions.

4. Privacy and anonymity or respondents is of a paramount importance.

5. Acknowledgement of works of other authors used in any part of the

dissertation with the use of Harvard/APA/Vancouver referencing system

according to the Dissertation Handbook

6. Maintenance of the highest level of objectivity in discussions and analyses

throughout the research

7. Adherence to Data Protection Act (1998) if you are studying in the UK

In studies that do not involve primary data collection, on the other hand, ethical

issues are going to be limited to the points d) and e) above.

Role of the Researcher

The researcher’s role in qualitative research is critical, as he or she

collects data and implements analysis (Creswell, 2007); therefore, my role in this

study was that of an observer-as-participant, as I was the primary instrument of

data collection and analysis that collected, coded, and analyzed the data from

interviews, participant journals, and questionnaire to uncover the emerging

concepts and patterns. Thus, there is the potential for bias on my part, which

could impact the outcome of the study, making this a very challenging balancing

act of being objective and nonjudgmental in my thoughts, observations, and

actions. That potential bias could be my experience with Vipassana Meditation

and teaching, as I have been practicing Vipassana Meditation for two years and

have 14 years of teaching experience.

Nonetheless, this could also have aided me in my data collection,

inductive analysis, and the understanding of the process and phenomena being

studied, as it is something that needs to be truly experienced before having the

ability to clearly write about. That is why the use of epoche, bracketing field

notes, and memos were vital in reporting and analyzing the data. In addition, I

kept a personal journal to document my own thoughts and feelings through the

whole process, which was used to further document the relationship I had with

the data and analysis. Furthermore, using the process of member checking also

helped with controlling researcher bias.

Data Collection
 Whatever philosophical standpoint the researcher is taking and

whatever the data collection method (e.g., focus group, one-to-one interviews),

the process will involve the generation of large amounts of data. In addition to

the variety of study methodologies available, there are also different ways of

making a record of what is said and done during an interview or focus groupsuch

as taking handwritten notes or video-recording. If the researcher is audio- or

video-recording data collection, then the recordings must be transcribed verbatim

before data analysis can begin. As a rough guide, it can take an experienced

researcher/transcriber 8 hours to transcribe one 45-minute audio-recorded

interview, a process than will generate 20–30 pages of written dialogue.

Many researchers will also maintain a folder of “field notes” to complement

audio-taped interviews. Field notes allow the researcher to maintain and

comment upon impressions, environmental contexts, behaviours, and nonverbal

cues that may not be adequately captured through the audio-recording; they are

typically handwritten in a small notebook at the same time the interview takes

place. Field notes can provide important context to the interpretation of audio-

taped data and can help remind the researcher of situational factors that may be

important during data analysis. Such notes need not be formal, but they should

be maintained and secured in a similar manner to audio tapes and transcripts, as

they contain sensitive information and are relevant to the research. For more
information about collecting qualitative data, please see the “Further Reading”

section at the end of this paper.

The participants of the study were selected through the set criteria. Semi-

structured interview or face-to-face interview was defined by Kvale (1983 as cited

by Opdenakker, 2006) as “an interview whose purpose is to gather descriptions

of the life-world of the interviewee with respect to interpretation of the meaning of

the described phenomena”. The interviewer encouraged the participant to talk

freely using his own words, assured of the confidentiality, guided questions were

used and recorded all conversations that occurred during the interview session.

Data during the conversation were transcribed word for word and were analyzed.

Using multiple semi-structured methods can help facilitate deeper

understanding. The researcher used the triangulation which using multiple data

sources in a research to produce better understanding. In the case of Maria

Mercedes, the interview was together with her husband. The interview was done

twice. Li Ay Crimson on different occasions her parents were interviewed to

excavate deeper her physical development and to establish her locomotive

problem. King was with his wife and children. All the interviews were recorded,

transcribed and numbered, analyzed and put it into themes. The interview

question served as the guide (Appendix E).

Field Notes. Together with reflective journal, field notes were maintained

for each interview, with information gleaned from the participant and from
personal observations. The reflective journal was a valuable tool, used for

recording critical reflections about the research process and the chosen

theoretical framework, as well as for documenting the participants’ stated beliefs,

attitudes, and opinions. It also served as a warehouse for the documentation of

researcher biases and thinking process before, during and after each interview

and focus group meeting (Schwandt, 2001 as cited in Williams, 2011). In

addition, the field notes were used to record impressions and to help interpret the

data. There were noted observation which were not indicated in the semi-

structure questions but valuable enough data. Furthermore, the field notes were

gathered from the interviews and demographic questionnaires and intertwined

throughout the analysis to enrich the study and findings (Patton, 2002 as cited in

Williams, 2011).

Data collection does not aim to assess or measure the performance of

the subjects, but instead aims to collect material which may allow for an in-depth

exploration of the personal perspective of the subjects being investigated.

Data Analysis

If, as suggested earlier, doing qualitative research is about putting

oneself in another person’s shoes and seeing the world from that person’s

perspective, the most important part of data analysis and management is to be

true to the participants. It is their voices that the researcher is trying to hear, so

that they can be interpreted and reported on for others to read and learn from. To
illustrate this point, consider the anonymized transcript excerpt presented in

Appendix 1, which is taken from a research interview conducted by one of the

authors (J.S.). We refer to this excerpt throughout the remainder of this paper to

illustrate how data can be managed, analysed, and presented.

Trustworthiness of the Study

What is trustworthiness and what does it mean? For quantitative

studies, it is referred to as validity and reliability. However, in qualitative studies,

this concept is more obscure because it is put in different terms. Since qualitative

researchers do not use instruments with established metrics about validity and

reliability, it is pertinent to address how qualitative researchers establish that the

research study’s findings are credible, transferable, confirmable, and

dependable. Trustworthiness is all about establishing these four things, which are

described in more detail below.

 Credibility is the how confident the qualitative researcher is in the truth of

the research study’s findings. This boils down to the question of “How do

you know that your findings are true and accurate?” Qualitative

researchers can use triangulation to show the research study’s findings

are credible.

 Transferability is how the qualitative researcher demonstrates that the

research study’s findings are applicable to other contexts. In this case,

 “other contexts” can mean similar situations, similar populations, and

similar phenomena. Qualitative researchers can use thick description to

show that the research study’s findings can be applicable to other

contexts, circumstances, and situations.

 Confirmability is the degree of neutrality in the research study’s findings. In

other words, this means that the findings are based on participants’

responses and not any potential bias or personal motivations of the

researcher. This involves making sure that researcher bias does not skew

the interpretation of what the research participants said to fit a certain

narrative. To establish confirmability, qualitative researchers can provide

an audit trail, which highlights every step of data analysis that was made

in order to provide a rationale for the decisions made. This helps establish

that the research study’s findings accurately portray participants’

responses.

 Finally, dependability is the extent that the study could be repeated by

other researchers and that the findings would be consistent. In other

words, if a person wanted to replicate your study, they should have

enough information from your research report to do so and obtain similar

findings as your study did. A qualitative researcher can use inquiry audit in

order to establish dependability, which requires an outside person to

 review and examine the research process and the data analysis in order

to ensure that the findings are consistent and could be repeated.

We hope that this clears up any confusion about trustworthiness and

helps shed light on the different components involved in establishing a

trustworthy research study!

 CHAPTER 3

Result and Discussion

In this chapter the results of the conducted qualitative research will be

presented and discussed, which is supported by Related Literature experiences

and Studies. The presentation of the results is in the following order: (1) To

explore the lived and challenges of undergraduate father (2) To examine the

coping skills during the odd times of undergraduate father (3) To study the

insights of undergraduate father which, could be contributed in the community?

Undergraduate Student Perspective of Life: Experiences beyond Being a

Father

The participants were based on the following criteria: one must be with an

undergraduate father, having a family in early age or teenage pregnancy. This

person must have the facility to speak so that, he can respond to a semi –

structured interview with open – ended questions. This person must be between

ages 18-45 as mandates by law on legal age (Republic Act No. 6809). The age is

intentionally raised to this bracket in order to obtain opinion and ideas concerning

his environment. The participants can male Electrician, Construction Worker and

Auto Mechanic are the codes name of these 3 Participants.

School Retention. ‘Retention’ refers to the length of time that students continue

to study at a particular institution. The word is often used as a metric, measuring

the percentage of students that remain in study until they have completed a

particular qualification. –Cobek(2013).

Vices. “I didn’t finish school because of my FRIENDS…

They teach bad habits like drinking alcohol and smoking.

I also failed in some subjects because of cutting classed

with my friends.”- ELECTRICIAN-

Accident. “I should have been a police officer right now,

 but I got an accident. That’s why I can’t go into

college and to continue my study.” – AUTO MECHANIC-

Dropped Out. “I was in a hurry so I had a family,

And I didn't want to go to school anymore.”

-CONSTRUCTION WORKER-

According to Bowen,et.al., The Student retention continues to be a

concern for higher education. Successive Governments have made efforts to

incentivise universities however dropout rates continue to increase. Studies

have been undertaken on student retention and it appears that there is a

combination of reasons as to why student’s dropout. This study is of one

university in England with a sample size of 75 academics (those employed as

lecturers, tutors, instructors and researchers). A qualitative study is undertaken

which is part of a funded research project that uses mixed methodology in a

systematic, sequential, explanatory and, thematic approach.

Day to Day Life. A usual routine that occurs each day. A feeling of hope and

adventure that many of us lack in or day to day.- Nathan Mattise

Rough. “As a father, my day to day life is rough because of

some problem but I will and my family stand against

the problem that will come in our life.” –Electrician-

 Tough. “My day to day life as a father even though there

is a problem in our family I will remain tough for them so

that they can get inspiration to me as the father

of the family.”- Auto-Mechanic-

Hard. “Being a father is very difficult like me because I

don’t have permanent work I cannot fully support the

needs of my family”- Construction Worker-

According to Phoenix, A. & Brannen, J. The study of the everyday is

recognised as central to the understanding of identities, agency and social life.

Yet, attempts to research everyday life often fail to capture the complexity of the

mundane. This paper draws on findings from two studies: fatherhood across

three generations and adult narratives of childhood language brokering to

illuminate that complexity. The purpose of bringing these studies together is

methodological; in particular, it is to examine how the storied material generated

by narrative approaches can contribute to understanding of the everyday

practices of family life, practices that are often unacknowledged, hidden or

assumed. One study adopted a narrative form of interviewing while the second

combined narrative photo-elicitation techniques with narrative accounts.

Methodologically, the two studies illustrate that no one method produces

‘objective’, comprehensive knowledge of family practices. Together, however,

they produce new insights into family practices around fatherhood, migration and

language brokering and how participants ‘do’, ‘display’ and commemorate family.

The paper argues that narrative approaches, sometimes alongside visual

methods, can assist holistic analyses of family practices from sociocultural,

intergenerational and life course perspectives.

Challenges. A challenge is something new and difficult which requires great

effort and determination. A challenge to something is a questioning of its truth or

value. A challenge to someone is a questioning of their authority.

Trails. “Because I miss my old friends I have this

challenges to find a permanent job to sustain the

needs of my family.”- ELECTRICIAN-

Preparing for the future.” I get married at the age of

twenty six so I decided to prepare for the future

for my becoming family,”-AUTOMICHANIC

Endurance of times of pain,” Because I work as a Construction

Worker I don’t stop working and go far just to work.

Even though I miss my family I need to sustain

their needs,”-CONSTRUCTION WORKER -

According to Karly, Challenges are a part of everyday life. They make us

stronger and without them life becomes somewhat meaningless because we

have nothing to compare the good times to. These challenges come in many

forms. For some, the challenge is doing well at school, for others it is getting to
grips with financial worries. But, regardless of the challenge, facing up to it is key.

Doing so will make you feel like you can take care of yourself, it will also make

you understand the value of what you have now. Facing up to challenges and

living through them give us the experiences that make up our life. Lam Hiu-sze,

Tsuen Wan Public Ho Chuen Yiu Memorial College From the Editor.Thank you

for your letter, Hiu-sze. Everybody goes through times when their lives seem

hugely stressful, or their problems insurmountable. But it's important to

remember that, whatever the problem, there is almost always a solution. Facing

challenges is a way to push ourselves and see what we are capable of. What's

more, when we look back on tough times, we can be proud of how we dealt with

the challenge and remind ourselves that life doe’s get better. And challenges

aren't always unpleasant. Challenging yourself to score better on a test, run

faster in a race or learn something new can be very enjoyable! Why not give

yourself a fun challenge today?

Unforgettable Moment. If you describe something as unforgettable, you

mean that it is, for example, extremely beautiful, enjoyable, or unusual, so that

you remember it for a long time. You can also refer to extremely unpleasant

things as unforgettable.- Collins(2020).

Looking for job.” The unforgettable moment for me

as a father is looking for a permanent job and to

find a right wife for me.”-ELECTRICIAN-

 Rowdy of behaviour of the children.” I like to bond with

my children so the unforgettable moment of my life

is when my children and I bonding

together.”-AUTO MECHANIC-

Upset in Time of Difficulty.” Even it hurts I need to

work far to support their needs.”-CONSTRUCTION WORKER-

According to Accenture, 87% of organizations say traditional experiences

no longer satisfy customers. A “good” experience is ok, but for your brand to

break through with customers, it needs to stand out. An unforgettable experience

means customers talk about it. They recommend it, and prefer it. In short, being

unforgettable drives your bottom line. The science behind creating an

unforgettable customer experience. How do we create an experience that stands

out? First, it helps to understand how our brains create memories. Nobel Prize-

winning economist Daniel Kahneman explored this subject in a study about how

people remember pain. He asked people to rate their discomfort of colonoscopy

procedure. Kahneman’s team then compared the patients’ “remembered” pain

experiences with data recorded during the procedure.To their surprise, the team

found people rated the pain of the entire experience based on only two points:

The intensity of pain at its worst point, and the pain at the end of the procedure.

Kahneman discovered that our brains can’t remember everything, so they use
mental shortcuts (called heuristics) to pick out what’s important. One of the most

important heuristics is emotion — the more intense and more recent the feelings,

the more memorable the experience. These findings are the foundation of the

psychology principle known as the Peak-end Rule.

Moment of Struggles. “Make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or

constriction. ‘Before she could struggle, he lifted her up ‘with infinitive ‘he

struggled to break free’” – Lexico (2020)

Missing Old friends. “ I think the time that I struggles

the most is when I miss my old friends and the

that we do before.”- ELECTRICIAN-

Miscarriage of her wife. “The time when my wife got

an accident about our baby is the time of my struggles,

it’s really hard to see my wife like that.”

– AUTO-MECHANIC-

No Work. “I was really having a hard time not

being able to work because we didn't have

anything to eat the next day.”-Construction Worker-

 According to Kloopers, M. (2005). What do you think? Is your life a

struggle? Have you been conditioned to believe that life is a struggle? If you think

it is, then this is what will unfold and if you don’t, it won’t. But is it that simple?I

believe that your life is the sum total of your thoughts and beliefs about life. If you

were taught that life will be a struggle, every experience you have will be framed

within this thinking. Instead of being open-minded about what life throws at you,

you will automatically be expecting bad things to happen. Of course bad things

do happen but we can pre-empt negative occurrences, expecting them to occur-

this is called a self-fulfilling prophecy. Machiavelli is the philosopher of choice for

people who struggle. Typical sayings such as “it’s a dog eat dog world” or “you

get nothing for nothing” suggest an attitude of negativity. Many people do not

realise how much their thinking affects the quality of their life. I’m not saying that

life is always easy-life is a challenge. When we struggle against the natural

rhythms of life, we create resistance and opposition and this is what leads to

struggle. With struggle there is no joy and rarely any reward. In fact, for some

people struggle is the reward. They are a little lost without it. There is comfort in

what you know. They struggle through life sacrificing their own needs and falling

to bed exhausted every night. They justify this joyless existence by saying things

like, “that’s life”. I have had clients who are incredibly successful but at the same

time thoroughly miserable. They loathe what they do and what they have

become. Often this is what they expected. “This is just how life is. You have to

get on with it”.If you believe that life is meant to be a struggle ask yourself how

this belief helps you. Does it make you happier? I doubt it. If you create
unnecessary struggle and stress for yourself you are in the majority. As adults,

many of us are passing stressful struggle onto our kids.

Those Odd Times. "At odd times of the day" = At times when you wouldn't

expect something to happen. For example, perhaps at night or early morning.In

this case, it means "at times when you wouldn't expect there to be queues". –

Zemog, F. (2008)

No regular work. “Because I of my vices and the bad influence

of my friends I didn’t find a regular that day and I

 have the difficulties in terms financial.”-ELECTRICIAN-

No Serious problem.” Because I really plan for my future,

I didn’t have yet a serious problem now and

I am thank of that.”- AUTO-MECHANIC-

Sacrificing. “The odd times in my life as a father is, if I don’t

have work that day neither would we eat

anything.”-CONSTRUCTION WORKER-

According to Riggio, R. that Have you ever had the persistent feeling that

you were out of place, or felt a sense of sadness that you will never know what

will happen to your great-great-grandchildren? Some of these strange feelings

have names. See how many you have experienced: (1)Opia.-This is the name

given to the intense feeling of invasive arousal that one feels when engaging in

mutual gaze—making direct eye contact with someone else. A great deal of

research has been done on eye contact (see here), and it is well established that

eye contact can be arousing. The arousal is often interpreted based on the

circumstances. If the person is perceived as a threat, it is unpleasant. If two

people are attracted to each other, it is pleasant and titillating.(2) Déjà vu.-Most

everyone knows this one: It is the feeling that you’ve been someplace before or

that you are repeating an event. Memory psychologists believe that this is
caused by features from a past experience that are triggered by features of the

new experience, which are similar in some way. Approximately 75 percent of

people report experiencing déjà vu.(3) Ellipsism.-This is the term given to a

sense of sadness one experiences when realizing that one won’t live to see the

future. For example, an elderly person may be sad because he won’t get to see a

newborn baby age into adulthood.(4) Chrysalism.-Have you ever had a sense of

warmth, peace, and tranquility when you are warm and dry inside the house

during an intense rainstorm? This experience could be likened to feeling like you

are back in the womb, and so has been labeled "Chrysalism."(5) Adronitis-.This

is a sense of frustration experienced when meeting a new and interesting person,

but realizing how long it is going to take to develop the relationship fully. You

want the relationship to develop quickly, but you know it won’t. Research on

relationships suggests that one mechanism for developing closeness is

reciprocal self-disclosure, i.e. successively revealing personal information to

each other, which takes some time.(6). Liberosis.-The desire to care less about

things. As we mature into adults, we take on more and more responsibilities.

Liberosis is the feeling you get when you wish you could be a child again, without

cares and concerns. (7.) Enouement.-Have you ever wished that you could go

back in time and tell your past self about the future? This is Enouement. When

something has turned out well, you recall how your younger self worried about it,

and you wish that you could go back and let your younger self know that things

will turn out OK.(8.) Jouska.-This is a hypothetical conversation that you play out

over and over in your head. For example, replaying an argument in your head
where you say all the right things and “win” the argument, or practicing asking

your boss for a raise and playing out his or her responses and your comebacks.

(9) Exulansis-.A sense of frustration when you realize that you are talking about

an important experience, but other people are unable to understand or relate to

it, and so you give up talking about it.(10) Fugue state.-This last one is a

psychological condition in which the individual moves about and speaks, but

without conscious awareness. Fugue states can be alcohol- or drug-induced,

when an individual has no memory of his or her actions.

Cope-up Skills. “Any characteristic or behavioural pattern that enhances a

person's adaptation. Coping skills include a stable value or religious belief

system, problem solving, social skills, health-energy, and commitment to a social

network. Synonym: coping mechanism.” Farlex and Partners(2009).

Pray. “I really pray to God for whatever problem

that came into my our family will be solve

immediately.” – ELECTRICIAN-

Hard working. “The things I do in those odd times

are I will still and continue to work and continue to live with my family.”

–AUTO-MECHANIC-

Faith in Allah. “Because I am Islam I really have a faith

 in Allah, especially in those odd times that came

into my family.” –CONSTRUCTION WORKER-

According to Morin, Amey. (2020). Whether you’ve been dumped by your

date or you’ve had a rough day at the office, having healthy coping skills can be

key to getting through tough times. Coping skills help you tolerate, minimize, and

deal with stressful situations in life. Managing your stress well can help you feel

better physically and psychologically and it can impact your ability to perform

your best. But not all coping skills are created equal. Sometimes z, it’s tempting

to engage in strategies that will give quick relief but might create bigger problems

for you down the road. It’s important to establish healthy coping skills that will

help you reduce your emotional distress or rid yourself of the stressful situations

you face.

Experiences with family. “Experience is knowledge or skill in a particular job

or activity, which you have gained because you have done that job or activity for

a long time. While A family is a group of people who are related to each

other, especially parents and their children.” Collins (2020)

Bonding with Children. “I really love to bond with my children

and play with them.”-ELECTRICIAN-

Swimming Together. “If I have free time after work I usually

do is to swim together with my family.”

-AUTO MECHANIC-

No Food to Eat. “The worst experiences we have in my family

 is when we don’t have food to eat,

because I don’t have work that time.”

-CONTRUCTION WORKER-

Irrespective of cultural variations, parents want to ascertain their

children’s safety, teach them moral values and support their development (Lewig,

Arney, & Salveron, 2010). Parents use wide variety of beliefs, knowledge and

skills to raise their adolescent children (Keller, 2009). Extensive research has

been done about parenting perceptions and practices that impact the

development of children (Conway, 2011; Durbin, Darling, Steignberg, & Brown,

1993; Kaufmann et al., 2000; Sanson & Wise, 2001). This knowledge mainly

focused on understanding and supporting the needs and practices of parents

living in developed countries. Such wealth of knowledge and intervention

programs is far from being a reality in many developing countries like Ethiopia. It

is important to integrate research findings from developed countries with a

contextual understanding of the needs of diverse communities to facilitate

healthy parent-child relationships in developing countries (Renzaho, Green,

Mellor, & Swinburn, 2011).Considering the complex socio-cultural, political and

economic problems in developing countries, it is particularly important to

understand the contextual barriers that limitparents’ ability from creating quality

growing conditions for their children.Cultural, economic, technological, religious,

racial and political factors influenceparenting behaviors (Pachan, 2011).

Standards, goals, and methods of socialization mayvary among societies at

times to the extent that desirable behaviors encouraged in oneculture may be

considered as pathological in another (Kagitcibasi, 2012). For instance, in

collectivist cultures high parental control and restrictiveness may be considered

normal while such behaviors are perceived as hostile and rejecting in

individualistic cultures (Rudy & Grusec, 2006). In general, studies conducted in

individualistic cultures documented that children benefit most if their parents

assist them to be emotionally independent, assertive, distinctive, autonomous

and self-directing (Abesha, 2012;Kaufmann et al., 2000).Recently Ethiopia is

undergoing fast changes because of multidimensional effort to minimize poverty

and illiteracy. In addition, due to globalization and better access to information,

parents are becoming increasingly aware of different approaches to raising

children. Parenting perspectives and goals that were practiced in previous

generations may not compatible with the fast paced change the country is

undergoing. Ethiopian parents are experiencing contextual changes that were

drastically different from the time they were children. This complexity of

negotiating between multiple cultural and contextual changes may leave parents

with feelings of frustration and incompetence (Keller, 2009). Helping

professionals need to understand these dynamic parenting experiences and align

their services accordingly. In addition to dealing with the cultural impact of fast

urbanization in Ethiopia, parents deal with developmental changes during

adolescence. Children become more differentiated and comply less with parental

demands (Keller, 2009). Adolescents may experiment with risk posing behaviors

like substance use/abuse; unplanned sexual behavior; and school related

behavioral and academic problems (Hawkins, Catalano, & Arthur, 2002). This
developmental period might also be marked with stress and crisis because

children experience conflict and tension in their social relationships especially at

home and at school (Kwak, 2003). It is important to understand experiences

related with parenting children undergoing this developmental stage (Hines &

Paulson, 2006). Crisis or Struggles. “A situation in which there are a lot of

problems that must be dealt with quickly so that the situation does not get worse

or more dangerous. A period of a great difficulty, danger, or uncertainty,

especially in politics or economics.” Bryant L. (2020)

No Serious Crisis. “I think there’s no crisis happening

now because I’ve already permanent work now.”

–ELECTRICIAN-

Miscarriage of wife. “The crisis that happened in my life is

when my wife got accident(miscarriage), that was

so difficult to me seeing her like that.”

-AUTO-MECHANIC-

Financial Problem. “I struggles every time I don’t have work

because I don’t have money pay or to buys expenses

or needs of my family.

”-CONSTRUCTION WORKER-
Handle Emotions. "The ability to realize, readily accept, as well as successfully

control feelings in oneself (and sometimes others) is known as the emotion

management skill. Very simply, emotion management skills refer to the ability to

master your own emotions." Controls, J(2020)

Stay humble. “What ever happened in my life or my family

i will remain my feet into the ground or stay humble

"-ELECTRICIAN-

Tough- " Now i realize that being tough the greatest thing to do

especially in odd times." -AUTO-MECHANIC-

CONTINUE TO WORK HARD." i will work and work."

- CONSTRUCTION WORKER-
GUIDING IN TERMS OF BEING EFFECTIVE PARENTS. -Good parenting is the

art and skill of raising children in the best way possible by providing their physical

and emotional needs from infancy all through to adulthood. A parent does not

necessarily refer to the biological life-giver of the child.

Mama and ate. “Mama and ate are the one who take

care of me, there are my inspiration in terms of being

a parent to my child.”- ELECTRICIAN-

 Parents. “My role model of being a father are my

parents, especially to my Father he raise us as a

good person.”-AUTO-MECHANIC-

Parents. “I think my role model of being effective father is my

parents because I see how they raised us and how they handle

us so that we can be good.”-CONSTRUCTION WORKER-

According to GROOSE, M. (2015) Good parenting involves a great deal of

consistency and routine, which gives children a sense of control. Good parenting

focuses on developing independence in children, so redundancy becomes the

aim for parents. Good parenting involves a style that considers children’s age

and stage of development. That is, there is a match between expectations,

discipline and resilience-building strategies and children’s developmental age.

Good parenting aims at socialising kids. Parents provide children and young

people with social scripts to enable them to negotiate their expanding social

horizons. This social scripting helps them negotiate their online and offline

worlds. Good parenting develops a growth mindset in kids rather than a mindset

that says that a child’s intelligence is fixed. Parenting that develops a growth

mindset links kids’ success to effort and strategy as opposed to purely

recognising and developing natural ability. Good parenting focuses on

encouragement over praise, consequences over punishment and cooperation

over obedience. This ensures parenting matches the times in which we live.

Good parenting insists that kids help at home without being paid so that learn to

be givers, not takers. Good parenting is nuanced to take into account children’s

birth order, personality and gender differences. One parenting size doesn’t fit all

kids. According to the best available research the best parenting stye is an

authoritative style which is a balance of firmness and nurturance. The outcomes

are generally best for kids in terms of academic success, mental health and good

well-being when they are raised by parents that use an authoritative style.

Families work well when they are guided democracies or benign dictatorships.

Someone should be in charge of a family, and it’s a good idea if it’s parents! How

does your parenting look? What’s your family like?

Community Volunteering is the way in which a group of individuals from a

community partake in social, charitable and environmental activities on a

voluntary basis. Volunteering clearly doesn’t involve any remuneration. Its nature

and essence, in fact, relates to the human need of helping others and advocate

social causes. The purpose, therefore, is for a person to give his own contribution

for the greater good. (2017)

Yes. “Of course. YES.”-ELECTRICIAN-

Not yet. “I think, not yet.”- AUTO-MECHANIC-

Yes. “ hmmmmm… yes.”- CONSTRUCTION WORKER-

 According to Int J Prev Med. (2014), Achieving “health for all” is a major

challenge of the third millennium. Developing a healthy community and

overcoming complex problems requires participatory approaches and solutions

that bring the community together with governmental and non-governmental

organizations (NGO) in order to empower them and utilize resources for better

health. The World Health Organization (WHO) giving strategic prominence to its

Alma-Ata declaration has again emphasized on participation and underscored

the need to work between sectors to realize health gains.[1] The rationale for

pursuing participation includes promoting positive health behavioral change;

improving service delivery; mobilizing human, financial and other material

(including in-kind) resources for health services; and empowering the community.

[2] Participation is defined as a process whereby community members

collectively assess their health needs and problems and organize to develop

strategies for implementing, maintaining and monitoring solutions to those

problems.[3] In other word, the working definition of community participation is

described as a process by which people are enabled to become actively and

genuinely involved in defining the issues of concern, in making decisions about

factors that affect their lives, in formulating and implementing policies, in

planning, developing and delivering services and in taking action to achieve

change.[4,5] By definition intersectional collaboration is a strategy used to deal

with complex policy problems that cannot be solved by a single department or

sector. The literature also indicates that intersectional collaboration has been

used to bolster health promotion, health protection, primary care and public
health.[6] There is increasing evidence from effectiveness studies that other

sector and community participation can improve health outcomes, lead to more

responsive care, facilitate people's involvement in treatment decisions and

improve quality and safety.

How did the community help? ”Community service is work done by a person or

group of people that benefits others. It is often done near the area where you

live, so your own community reaps the benefits of your work. You do not get paid

to perform community service, though sometimes food and small gifts, like a t-

shirt, are given to volunteers.” Sarikas, C. (2018)

Help Service. “They help me especially in my health

because I need to undergo operation because of

my seas in the shoulders”. –ELECTRICIAN-

Not yet. “I will be thankful if someday they will help me.”

– AUTOMECHANIC-

Yes. “My relatives help me specially my niece

and I’m very thankful.”

–CONSTRUCTION WORKER
 Happy Decision. “Someone who is happy-go-lucky enjoys life and does not

worry about the future. Instead they believe in their future.” -Collins (2020)

Yes. “Of course I’m happy because of my children.”

-ELECTRICIAN-

Yes. “I’m happy and feel love.”

–AUTOMECHANIC-

Yes. “I’m happy but if I have the chance I will finish

first my study rather than having a family in an

early age.” –CONSTRUCTION WORKER-

According to Röbel, T. (2018). The simple problem-solving strategy of

higher, faster and stronger is no longer attractive for many people. For most of

us, life is not a ladder leading to the an ever increasing paycheck. It’s becoming

more important to learn how to deal with transitions, detours and new beginnings,

because often these instances provide the opportunity to do something good.

Tina Röbel explains why it’s critical to strengthen our gut instincts. Tina is a

coach at Weltverbesserer and works at the intersection of personal development

and meaningful life building. Most of us know those situations where you

suddenly get to a point in your life where you have a multitude of potential paths
forward. For example, completing school or training, or the feeling that you have

when you end a job. Often it’s an inner feeling of unrest that suggests something

has to change, because you feel uneasy and constantly dissatisfied. The good

news is that at this moment you have an almost infinite number of different

possibilities. Isn’t that exciting? You can make an autonomous and free decision

about what you want to do. The challenge is, how do you know which path to

choose? Let me make one thing very clear. It is not a personal failure of yours or

mine that decision-making is difficult. Life has changed. There are many more

possibilities out there for us now and that means the course of our lives has

changed too. For our parents’ generation or our grandparents’ generation, this is

not easily grasped.

Advice to the younger one. “Advice-Guidance or recommendations offered

with regard to prudent future action. which means we advice the younger ones of

the youth.”-Lexico(2020)

Pick your right friend. “I would like to advice you guys.

That you should pick your right friend that will make you

smarter and a good person.” – ELECTRICIAN-

Take care of yourself. “To you guys, you need to take care

of your life and cherish every moment and study first.”

–AUTOMECHANIC-
 Don’t be in a hurry. ” there is a perfect timing to a right relationship,

so guys don’t be in a hurry, enjoy your life in a good way

and study hard.” –CONSTRUCTION WORKER-

According to Admin (2019). Regardless if, parents, college or university

professionals along with college students met up for a Bebo chat (#CampusChat)

to discuss the importance of academic guidance during the higher education

years. My partner and i felt the actual consensus and also topic of your chat was

important, and another all fathers and mothers should know JUST BEFORE their

teenage jumps into the college counselling confusion. Following are some take

into account remember when choosing a college: The academic plan is very

important in informing a 4-year graduation with college. Exactly why important?

Often the longer your little one attends the greater the cost. As well as the longer

your son or daughter attends they’ll be losing income because they will not able

to the actual job market. When visiting educational institutions, ask about their

particular graduation level and if there is a plan to make improvements to it in

case their 4-year characters are small. Examine abroad packages, while

attractive, may wreak havoc over the academic prepare. In case you attend a

study abroad session, ask questions with regards to the courses supplied abroad

and whether or not they will satisfy your own degree standards. Ask many other

students through the college who may have studied offshore to get some enter

on how it affected most of their 4-year strategy. Testing out of lessons by acquire

AP breaks can shave a year out of your 4-year amount plan . If the university or
college is enjoyable, check into summertime community institution courses in

your own home, especially in your current core subject matter. These classes are

always cheaper and even one can help save enormous amounts at a 4 year

college. Do some research think about your school and check out often the

advising spot on the university or college website. If your kid is not very pleased

with the agent that the higher education assigns, they might always turn.

Counsellors are an vital part of the college process. They must be a part of your

own.
 CHAPTER 4

Implication and Future Direction This chapter discussed the

conclusion implications and future direction of the study. Objectives of the study

number one are about the life of undergraduate father and derived the five

themes to answer the research question and experiences of undergraduate

father. These are school retention, day to day life, challenges, unforgettable

experiences and moment of struggles. Fifth teen themes came out from the

interview on undergraduate father. The interview resulted themes. These are

vices, accident, dropped out, rough, tough, hard, trials, preparing for the future,

enduurance of time of pain, looking for a job, rowdy of behaviour of children,

upset and times of difficulty, missing old friends, miscarriage of her wife and no

work. On the other hand, it is resulted out from interview that the experiences on

the learning environment of undergraduate father and many of struggles and

challenges as undergraduate father. Objectives of the study number two is about

actions to deal with stressful situations it is derived and resulted five themes to

answer the research question on the opinions and reactions of the ungraduated

father. These are the Odd times, Cope-up skills, Experiences with Family, Crisis

or Struggles and To Handle the Emotions as a father. The interview has resulted

fifth teen themes, these are no regular work, no serious problem, sacrificing,

pray, hardworking, faith in Allah, bonding with children, swimming at the beach,

financial problem, no serious crisis, miscarriage of wife, financial problem, stay

humble, tough and continue working hard. On the other hand, it is resulted out

from the interview that the experiences on the learning environment of

undergraduate father and many of struggles and challenges as undergraduate

father. Objectives of the study number three are about the insight contribution to

the community it is derived and resulted five themes to answer the research

questions on the opinions of the undergraduate father. These are guiding in

terms of being an effective parents, did community help, how the community

helped, happy in decision and advice to younger once. The interview has

resulted fifth teen themes. These are their families, yes and not yet, help

services, financial and not yet, whole yes and the advice that they want to apply

in the younger once is pick your right friend, take care of yourself and don't be in

a hurry. On the other hand, it is resulted out from the interview that the comment

of the participants is positive and to share the insights, advice of the younger and

soonest to be the father and take the step of their path.

IMPLICATIONS

The process of becoming a mother or father is an experience

marked by large internal demands, as well as external demands from the

environment. Being a parent signifies adopting a new role and facing the

challenge of successfully fulfilling this role. When becoming a parent occurs at

the same time as studying an undergraduate degree, students may experience a

crisis that has the potential for a positive outcome if they face the challenge as an

opportunity to grow and develop. In order to achieve a successful resolution of

this crisis, students require additional support from their families, as well as from
the higher education institution where they are studying. Institutional support is

essential for the positive development of both the parental and student roles.

Experience with undergraduate students in the process of becoming parents, and

in this way support and guide them in the acquisition of their new parental role.

The purpose of this support is to promote wellbeing and healthy development of

the student and their family as they reconcile both roles of student and parent

research on undergraduate/graduate parenthood analyses the way in which both

roles are developed. These studies have shown that when there is lack of

support, for example from family and/or from the higher education institution,

student-parents perceive themselves as both poor students and poor parents.

Future Direction Since this study intends to explore the lived

experience of becoming a father whilst studying an undergraduate degree, a

phenomenological design was chosen. As a researcher we are interested in

comprehending students lived experience with regards to their lives, health,

growth and development processes. Phenomenology as a research method is a

rigorous, critical and systematic way to approach unknown phenomena. Its

purpose is to comprehend the lived experience of certain of the study, searching

for meaning units of it. As part of the phenomenological research process the

precise way in which the researchers interprets the meaning of the phenomenon

under study is by immersing them self in the data and remaining open to the

meaning the participants attribute to the phenomenon. The only way to really

perceive the other's world is to remain as free as possible of preconceived ideas.

After identifying the researchers’ preconceived notions, they should be removed

from consciousness. This is a process that requires the researchers to hold a

neutral position with regards to their own beliefs and values in relation to the

phenomenon. Given the lack of published research in this field, the aim of this

current study was to explore the meaning students attributed to their experience

of becoming a father during their university life and its impact in family

development. This study provides qualitative evidence that contributes to a

comprehensive understanding of the experience of becoming a father during the

university studies; concluding that this life experience is presented as a process

of role compatibility, which is necessary to support. For this, it is necessary to

make visible the role of parents/students in university policies, with the aim of

providing concrete support during this process of parallel transition in the lives of

young people.
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