Engineering Drawing AND Graphics: BS (EE) - 17 Class Notes

Engr.
Muhammad Imran
Mechatronics and Control Engineering Department
University of Engineering and Technology,
Lahore(Faisalabad)
ENGINEERING DRAWING
AND
GRAPHICS
BS(EE) – 17
Class Notes
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 1

(Faisalabad Campus)
THEORY OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
1. PROJECTION
A method to describe shape by the process of causing an image to be
formed by rays of sight taken in a particular direction from an object to a
picture plane. The lines from the object to the plane are called projectors.
• If the rays are perpendicular to the picture plane and parallel to

each other the projection is known as Orthographic Projection.
• If the rays are at an angle to the plane, the projection is known as
Oblique Projection.
• If the rays are taken to a particular station point, the projection is
know as Perspective Projection.
Orthographic Projection looking through the plane
(Plane between observer and object)
Orthographic Projection observing the object directly
(Object between Observer and Plane)
Oblique Projection Looking through the Plane
(Plane between Observer and Object)
Oblique Projection observing the object directly
(Object between Observer and Plane)
Perspective Projection looking through the plane
(Plane between observer and object)
Perspective Projection observing the object directly
(Object between observer and Plane)
2. SHAPE REPRESENTATION METHODS
Two fundamental methods of shape representation are used:
a. Orthographic Views
These consists of a set of two or more separate views of an
object taken from different directions, generally at right angles to
each other and arranged relative to each other in a definite way.
Each of the views shows the shape of the object for a particular
view direction and collectively the views describe the object
completely. Orthographic projection only is used.
b. Pictorial Views
In this method, the object is oriented either behind or in front of
a single plane and projected upon it. Either orthographic,
oblique, or perspective projection is used.
3. PRINCIPAL PLANES OF PROJECTION
a. Vertical Plane
Used for the projection of Front View.
b. Horizontal Plane
Used for the projection of Top View.
The horizontal plane and the vertical plane intersect at right angle and
create a line of intersection known as the reference line. This
intersection also creates four quadrants.
PRINCIPAL PLANES OF PROJECTION
4. THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Plane of projection is always between the object and observer.
The object is assumed to be situated in the third quadrant.
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Projection of Front View
Projection of Top View
Bringing Front View and Top View in One Plane
(Always open 1st Angle by rotating the H.P. about the V.P.)
5. FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
We have assumed the Object is always in front of the V.P and
above the H.P I.e. in the 1st quadrant .The object lies between the
observer and the plane of projection. In this Method when views are
drawn , the Top view comes below the Front view
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Projection of Front View
In an orthographic projection, the object is oriented in such
a way that only two of its dimensions are shown. The
dimensions obtained are the true dimensions of the object
Multi-view Projection
Frontal plane of projection
Frontal plane of projection is the plane onto which the Front

View (FV) of the multi-view drawing is projected.
Front view of an object shows the width and height
dimensions.
Horizontal plane of projection
Horizontal plane of projection is the plane
Onto which the Top View of the multi view drawing is
projected.
Top view of an object shows the width and depth
dimensions.
Profile plane of projection
In multi-view drawings, the right side view is the standard
side view used. The right side view of an object shows the
depth and the height dimensions. The right side view is
projected onto the profile plane of projection, which is a
plane that is parallel to the right side of the object.
Orientation of views from projection
planes
Top view is always
positioned and
aligned with the
front view, and side
view is always
positioned to the
side of and aligned
with the front view.
1st Vs. 3rd angle projection
USING ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OBJECT ORIENTATION
An object can be drawn in several possible positions. In general the
simplest position shall be used. The object shall be positioned in such a
way so that the principal faces shall lie perpendicular to the direction of
vision.
SELECTION OF VIEWS
It is important to choose the combination of views that will describe the
shape of the object in the best and most economical way. Often only two
views are necessary. However, in some case three or more views might
be required to fully describe the object. Unnecessary views shall be
avoided.
VIEW SPACING
View spacing is necessary so that the drawing will be balanced within the
space provided.
z
x
z
x
z
x
z
x
z
x
z
x
z
x
z
y
z
y
EG & D: Exercise on Orthographic Views
y
x
z z
x y
Given the views, can one UNIQUELY determine the 3d Object?
y
x
z z
x y
sketch
sketch
sketch
sketch
sketch
sketch
sketch
sketch
sketch
sketch
12
40
50
60
12
40
50
60
Keep Thinking and Analyzing
Until next time...

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Engr.

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 1

• If the rays are perpendicular to the picture plane and parallel to

Frontal plane of projection is the plane onto which the Front

Until next time...

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