Analytic Geometry

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
o Developed by Rene Descartes
o Quadrant I (x,y)
o Quadrant II (-x,y)
o Quadrant III (-x,-y)
o Quadrant IV (x,-y)
o X-Coordinate or abscissa
o Y-Coordinate or ordinate
o Horizontal axis is the x-axis
o Vertical axis is the y-axis
o Origin is the point of intersection of the two axes
o Each quadrant of the Cartesian Plane has ordered pair with respective signs
o Plotting is the process of locating point/s in the Cartesian Plane
 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS, Distance Formula
2 2
√
d= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y1 )
 MIDPOINT OF A LINE, Midpoint Formula
x +x y + y
(
Midpoint= 1 2 , 1 2
2 2)
 SLOPE OF A LINE, m
o Slope is the ratio of the rise divided by the run between two points on a line.
o A higher slope indicates a steeper incline.
o m>0
 the line graph moves from left to right, the line rises
 the two variables are positively related—that is, when x increases, so does y, and
when x decreases, y decreases also

o m<0
 the line graph moves from left to right, the line falls
 the two variables are negatively related; that is, when x increases, y decreases,
and when x decreases, y increases
 o m=0
 Horizontal line has a slope equal to zero since it does not rise vertically.

o m=undefined
 Vertical line has undefined slope since it does not run horizontally.

 SLOPE OF A LINE IN TERMS OF ANGLE OF INCLINATION

rise
m=tanθ=
run
 SLOPE OF A LINE IN TERMS OF COORDINATES
y 2− y 1
m=
x 2−x 1
x 2−x 1 ≠ 0
 SLOPE OF TWO PARALLEL LINES
o Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope and the same
angle of inclination.
m l =m l
1 2

tanθ l =tanθ l
1 2

 SLOPE OF PERPENDICULAR LINES

o Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if and only if their slopes are the negative
reciprocals of each other.
−1 −1
ml = or ml =
1
ml 2
ml
2
1
 −1 −1
tanθ l = or tanθ l =
1
tanθl
2
2
tanθl 1

 EQUATION OF A LINE
Various Forms of and Equation of a Line
1. General Form
A x+ By +C=0
2. Two Point Form, when given two points
y 2− y 1
y− y1 = ( x−x 1)
x2− x1
3. Intercept Form, given the x and y intercepts
x y
+ =1
a b
where,
a is the x intercept
b is the y intercept
An intercept is a point on the y-axis, through which the slope of the line passes.
4. Point Slope Form, given a point and a slope
y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
5. Slope Intercept Form, given the slope and y-intercept
y−mx+b
CONIC SECTIONS
 Circle
o when the plane is horizontal
o special kind of ellipse

Standard Equation

( x−h)2 +( y−k )2=r 2 , C (h , k )

x 2+ y 2=r 2 , C (0,0)
General Equation

A x 2+ B y 2 +Cx+ Dy+ E=0 , A=B

General Equation to Standard Equation

2 x2 +8 x +2 y 2+ 4 y−6=0
2 ( x 2+ 4 x +22 ) +2 ( y 2+2 y +12 )=6+2 ( 4 )+2 ( 1 )

2 ( x+2 )2 +2 ( y +1 )2=16

( x +2 )2+ ( y+1 )2 =8

 Ellipse
o when the (tilted) plane intersects only one cone to form a bounded curve

Standard Equation
Horizontal Ellipse

(x−h)2 ( y−k )2 x2 y 2
+ =1 or + =1
a2 b2 a2 b 2
Vertical Ellipse

(x−h)2 ( y−k )2 x2 y 2
+ =1 or + =1
b2 a2 b2 a 2
Note:
 In the standard equation, if the x-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse is
horizontal.
 If the y-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse is vertical.
General Equation

A x 2+ B y 2 +Cx+ Ey + D=0 , A ≠ B and same sign

General Equation to Standard Equation

4 x2 +25 y 2−24 x+100 y +36=0

4 x2 −24 x+ 25 y 2+100 y=−36

4 ( x 2−6 x+ 32 ) +25 ( y 2+ 4 y +22 ) =−36+ 4 ( 9 ) +25 ( 4 )

2 2
4 ( x−3 ) +25 ( y+ 2 ) =100

( x−3 )2 ( y +2 )2
+ =1
25 4
Features of the Graph of an Ellipse
1. center: C (h , k )
2. foci
 each focus is c units away from the center
 for any point on the ellipse, the sum of its distances from the foci is 2a
3. vertices
 vertices are points on the ellipse, collinear with the center and foci
 each vertex is a units away from the center
 the segment of V 1 V 2 is called the major axis—its length is 2 a and it divides the
ellipse into two congruent parts
4. covertices
  the segment through the center, perpendicular to the major axis is the minor axis
—it meets the ellipse at the covertices and it divides the ellipse into two
congruent parts
 each covertex is b units away from the center
 the minor axis is W 1 W 2 is 2 b units away from the center
 since a> b, the major axis is longer than the minor axis
Reminders:
 a> b
 c 2=a2−b 2, because c <a
 The foci are c units away from the center.
 The vertices are a units away from the center.
 The length of the major axis is 2 a.
 The covertices are b units away from the center.
 The length of the minor axis is 2 b.
 For any point on the ellipse, the sum of its distances from the foci is 2 a.
 Parabola
o when the plane intersects only one cone to form an unbounded curve
o with vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry

Standard Equation
Vertical

( x−h )2=± 4 c ( y −k ) or x 2=± 4 cy

Note:
 + opens upward
 −¿ opens downward
Horizontal

( y−k )2=± 4 c( x−h) or y 2=± 4 cx

Note:
 + opens rightward
 −¿ opens leftward
General Equation

A x 2+Cx + Dy+ E=0 , A and C are nonzero

General Equation to Standard Equation

x 2+ 6 x−4 y+1=0

x 2+ 6 x=4 y−1

x 2+ 6 x+3 2=4 y−1+9

( x +3 )2=4 y +8

( x +3 )2=4 ( y +2 )
Features of the Graph of a Parabola
 1. vertex: V (h , k )
 if the parabola opens upward, the vertex is the lowest point
 is the parabola opens downward, the vertex is the highest point
2. directrix
 the line y=−c or y−c (vertical parabola)
the directrix is c untis below or above the vertex
 the line x=−c or x=c (horizontal parabola)
the directrix is c units at the right or left of the vertex
3. focus
 the focus is c units above or below the vertex
F ( 0 , c ) or F ( 0 ,−c )
 the focus is c units right or left of the vertex
F ( c , 0 ) or F (−c ,0)
 any point on the parabola has the same distance from the focus as it has from the
directrix
4. axis of symmetry
 this line divide the parabola into two parts which are mirror images of each
other
Reminders:
 If the x-part is squared, the parabola is vertical.
 If the y-part is squared, the parabola is horizontal.
 In a horizontal parabola,
 the focus is on the left or right of the vertex
 the directrix is vertical
 In a vertical parabola,
 the focus is on the top or bottom of the vertex
 the directrix is horizontal
 If the non-squared part is positive, the parabola opens upward or to the right.
 If the non-squared part is negative, the parabola opens downward or to the left.
 Hyperbola
o its graph consist of two unbounded branches which extended in opposite directions
o when the plane (not necessarily vertical) intersects both cones to form to unbounded
curves (each called a branch of the hyperbola)
Standard Equation
Horizontal Hyperbola

(x−h)2 ( y −k )2 x2 y 2
− =1 or − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
Vertical Hyperbola

( y−k )2 ( x −h)2 y2 x2
− =1 or − =1
a2 b2 a2 b 2
Note:
 a 2 is always with x 2
 b 2 is always with y 2
 General Equation

A x 2−B y 2 +Cx+ Dy+ E=0 , A and B have different sign

General Equation to Standard Equation

4 x2 −9 y 2−16 x+ 54 y−101=0

4 x2 −16 x−9 y 2+ 54 y=101

4 ( x 2−4 x +22 ) −9 ( y 2−6 y +32 ) =101+ 4 ( 4 ) −9 ( 9 )

2 2
4 ( x−2 ) −9 ( y−3 ) =36

( x−2 )2 ( y−3 )2
− =1
9 4
Features of the Graph of Hyperbola
1. center: C (h , k )
2. foci
 each focus is c units away from the center
 for any point on the hyperbola, the absolute value of the difference of its distances
from the foci is 2 a
3. vertices
 vertices are points on the hyperbola, collinear with the center and foci
 each vertex is a units away from the center
 the segment V 1 V 2 is called the transverse axis—its length is 2 a.
4. asymptotes
 the asymptotes of the hyperbola are two lines passing through the center which
serve as a guide in graphing the hyperbola; each branch of the hyperbola gets closer
and closer to the asymptotes, in the direction towards which the branch extends
 an aid in determining the equations of the asymptotes; in the standard equation,
replace 1 by 0 and in the resulting equation
x2 y 2
− =0 , solve for y
a2 b2
 to help sketch the asymptotes, we point out that the asymptotes l 1 and l 2 are the
extended diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle.
 Auxiliary rectangle has sides 2 a and 2 b with its diagonals intersecting at the center
C. Two sides are congruent and parallel to the transverse axis V 1 V 2. The other two
sides are congruent and parallel to the conjugate axis—the segment which is
perpendicular to the transverse axis at the center, and has a length of 2 b.
Reminders:
 a=b
 c 2=a2+ b2, because c >a
 If the variable in the first term is x, the hyperbola is horizontal, the transverse
axis is horizontal, and the branches open to the left and right in the direction of
the x-axis.
 If the variable in the first term is y, the hyperbola is vertical, the transverse axis
is vertical, and the branches opens upward and downward in the direction of the
y-axis.
 Solid and Plane Geometry

POLYGON
 Number of Diagonals, d
n (n−3)
d= where n is the number of sides of the given polygon
2
 Interior Angle, θ X
360 °
θ X =180 °−
n
 Sum of Interior Angle, θ S
θ S=180 ° (n−2)
 Exterior Angle, β
360 °
β=
n
Note: These formula are only applicable in regular polygons.
 Perimeter: The sum of the length of all the sides of a polygon.
 Area: The amount of space enclosed by any two-dimensional figure.
From the given figure, we can for the following equations.
opposite side
 tan X=
adjacent side
θ a
 tan =
2 b
θ

a=
b tan ()
2
2
2a
b=
 θ
tan ()
2

where:
a is the length of the apothem
b is the length of the side of the regular polygon
θ is the interior angle
  Area of Regular Polygon
1
A= ban
2
 Perimeter of Regular Polygon
P=bn
Note: If a polygon is irregular, then the perimeter can be calculated by simple adding the length
of all the sides.
 Central Angle
Central Angle=180° −θ

TRIANGLE
 Median is the segment connecting the vertex of triangle and the midpoint of the opposite side.
2 a 2+2 b 2−c 2
mc = √
2
where: a and b are the other two sides of the triangle since the side to which the media is
drawn, m c , is the length of median to side c.
 Altitude is the segment drawn from any vertex of a triangle perpendicular to the opposite side.
2 s ( s−a)(s−b)(s−c )
h= √
c
where:
a , b , and c are the length of two sides of the triangle
c is the length of the side to which the altitude is drawn
h is the length of the altitude drawn to side c
s is the semi-perimeter
a+ b+c
s=
2
 Angle bisector is the segment passing through any of the three angles of a triangle and dividing
this angle into equal smaller angles, and is drawn from the vertex of the triangle to the opposite
side.
2 2
b c=
√ab ( a+ b ) −c
a+b
where:
a , b , and c are the length of sides of the triangle
c is the side to which the angle bisector is drawn
b c is the length of the angle bisector
 Perimeter of Triangle
o Length of three sides
P=a+b+ c
o Length of two sides and included angle
b=√ a2 +c 2−2 acCosB
o Length of Two Sides of a Non-Included Angle
Using Sine Law,
a b c
= =
Sine A Sine B Sine C

A+ B+C=180 °
 Area of Triangle
 o Heron’s Formula
A=√ s ( s−a ) ( s−b )( s−c )
where:
a and b are the length of sides of the triangle
s is the semi-perimeter which is equal to:
a+ b+c
s=
2
o Side-Angle-Side Formula
1
A= abSinθ
2
where:
a and b are any two sides of the triangle
θ is the angle included by side a and b
o Base-Altitude Formula
1
A= bh
2
where:
b is the base
h is the height of the triangle that is perpendicular to the side of the triangle that
is used as the base.

QUADRILATERALS
 Parallelogram
Area: A=abSinθ
Perimeter: P=2 a+ 2b
Length of Diagonal: d= √ a2+ b2−2 abCosθ
 Rectangle
Area: A=ab
Perimeter: P=2 a+ 2b
Length of Diagonal: d= √ a2+ b2
 Square
Area: A=a2
Perimeter: P=4 a
Length of Diagonal: d=a √2
 Rhombus
Area: A=a ( a ) sin θ=b(h)
Perimeter: P=4 a
Length of Diagonal=d= √2 a2 −2 a2 cosθ
 Trapezium
1
A= d 1 d 2 sin θ
2
where:
d 1and d 2 are the diagonals of the trapezium
θ is the angle formed by the diagonals
Length of diagonals

d 1= √ a 2+ b2−2 abCos ( X )
d 2= √ c 2 +d 2−2 cd cos ( Y )