Flexible Learning A.Y.

2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

`Part III: TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES (TLA)

TLA1: Reading Materials

Kinetics
- derived from the Greek word kinesis, meaning movement
- In general science courses, it is defined as the “study of motion”
- Specifically, it refers to the study and discussion of chemical reactions with respect to reaction
rates, effect of different variables (such as temperature and concentration), rearrangement of
atoms, formation of intermediates, etc.

Two assumptions in kinetics:

- Molecules or atoms of reactants must collide with each other in chemical reactions.
- The orientation of the molecules during the collision must also be favorable.

Common Terms in Kinetics

- Chemical reaction rates are the rates of change in concentrations or amounts of either
reactants or products.
- For changes in amounts, the units can be one of mol/s, g/s, lb/s, kg/day etc. For changes in
concentrations, the units can be one of mol/(L s), g/(L s), %/s etc.
- With respect to reaction rates, we may deal with average rates, instantaneous rates, or initial
rates depending on the experimental conditions.

Kinetics vs Thermodynamics: A comparison

Kinetics Thermodynamics
- how fast or slow a process can - tell whether or not a process or a
occur; determining the rate. reaction can occur

- applicable to systems in transition - applicable to systems in stable or

from equilibrium to non-equilibrium, or metastable equilibrium
between two equilibrium states.
- sufficient driving force is needed to
- generally about how to overcome enforce a favorable transformation
the energy barrier to finish the
transition from the starting state to the
final state.

Energy
- Gibbs energies are average energies
over a large number of atoms

- They are a result of the random thermal

motion of the atoms

- They vary from time to time; occasionally,

they may be sufficient for the atoms to
reach the activated state (thermal
activation)

Fig 2. Energy diagram of an exothermic reaction

Favorable reaction
For a process to occur, it must overcome
the energy maximum. The larger the
barrier (∆Ga), the harder the process to
occur, the slower the rate.

For the process to occur, the

thermodynamics must be favorable
(∆G<0), and the kinetics must be fast
enough (small ∆Ga)

Fig 3. Free energy diagram of an exothermic

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Rate∝(Kinetic factor)x (Thermodynamic factor)

Rate∝(∆Ga) x (∆G)

Kinetic factor (∆Ga) Thermodynamic factor (∆G)

- activation energy - ∆G = G2 – G1

- It is the maximum in energy separating the - A thermodynamically favorable reaction or

two equilibrium states process means that ∆G<0, highly driven

- Overcoming this barrier represents the - Products, in these reactions, are at a lower
bottleneck for the reaction to finish free energy (more stable) than the
reactants.
- Rate can be given in terms of the transition
state by considering ∆Ga - Reactants will want to be converted into
products

Factors that Influence Reaction Rates

1. Physical State of the Reactants

2. Temperature
3. Concentration effect (Homogeneous Reactions)
4. Catalysts

I. Physical State of the Reactants

In order to react, molecules must come in contact with each

other. If the reaction is happening between a solid and a liquid,
it will react only on the surface.

The more homogeneous the mixture of reactants, the faster the

molecules can react.

II. Concentration of Reactants

As the concentration of reactants increases, so

does the likelihood that reactant molecules will
collide.

III. Temperature
At higher temperatures, reactant molecules have
more kinetic energy, move faster, and collide more
often and with greater energy.

Activation Energy
- The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.

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Increasing the temperature

Increasing the temperature of a reaction mixture raises the average kinetic energy of the
particles. As can be seen on the graph, a higher proportion of the particles can now react
making the reaction faster. With the increased movement of the molecules the chances of a
molecule having the correct orientation is also increased.

IV. Presence of a Catalyst

- Catalysts speed up reactions by changing the mechanism of the reaction.

- Catalysts are not consumed during the course of the reaction.

- The catalyst can provide for

an alternative set of reaction
steps, which we refer to as an
alternative pathway.

- The pathway involving the

catalyst requires less activation
energy and is therefore faster.

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- Catalysts decrease the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed (shown by the
smaller magnitude of the activation energy on the energy diagram, and therefore increase the
reaction rate.

- Remember that with a catalyst, the average kinetic energy of the molecules remains the same
but the required energy decreases.

Reaction Rates
Rates of reactions can be determined by monitoring the
change in concentration of either reactants or products as
a function of time.

Example:
�4 �9 ��(��) + �2 �(�) → �4 �9 ��(��) + ���(��)

In the reaction above, the concentration of butyl chloride,

C4H9Cl was measured at various times.

Types of Rates in Kinetics

I. Average Reaction Rates

The average rate of the reaction over each interval is the change in the concentration
divided by the change in time:

[�]�2 − [�]�1 ∆[�]

������� ���� = =
�2 − �1 ∆�

- The average rate decreases as the

reaction proceeds.

- This is because as the reaction goes

forward, there are fewer collisions
between reactant molecules

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Sample Problem 1

Sample Problem 2

Sample Problem 3

II. Instantaneous Reaction Rates

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- All reactions slow down over time

- Therefore, the best indicator of the rate of a

reaction is the instantaneous rate near the
beginning

- Is the change in product formation at a

moment in time.

- The plot of concentration of a product forming

against time will typically result to a curve.

- The tangental slope at any place on that curve

would be the instantaneous rate at that moment
in time.

- The tangental slope can be determined by

drawing a straight line that just touches the
concentration vs time curve at the moment in
time of which you wish to determine the
instantaneous rate.

- One of the mostly used instantaneous reaction rate

is the INITIAL RATE.
- The initial rate of the reaction is the instantaneous
rate measured at the start of the reaction (i.e. t=0).
- It is also equal to the negative slope of the curve of
the reactant concentration vs time at t = 0.
- Among the advantages of using this is the limited
contributions of side reactions (i.e. formation of the
reactants from the products)

Summary:

Non-uniformity Stoichiometric Equation

The picture below shows a hypothetical reaction profile in which the reactants (red) decrease in
concentration as the products increase in concentration (blue).

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�� + �� → �� + ��

1� � 1� � 1� � 1 �[�]
���� =− =− = =
� �� � �� � �� � ��

Mole concept and Concentration Calculations

Mole
- One of the Systeme International (SI) units
- A mole of a substance is defined as
“the mass of substance containing the same number of fundamental units as there are
atoms in exactly 12.000 g of 12C.”
- Fundamental units may be atoms, molecules, or formula units depending on the substance
concerned
- Best estimate of atoms in 12.000 g of 12C is the Avogadro’s number (6.022 x 1023)

Helpful Relationships in Conversion

Example on mole conversion

1) How many moles of Fe are in 5.6 g Fe? How many Fe atoms are contained in the sample?
moles of Fe=5.6 g Fe x 1 mol Fe/55.85 g Fe
atoms of Fe=5.6 g Fe x 1 mol Fe/55.85 g Fe x 6.022x1023atoms Fe/1 mol Fe

2) What is the mass in g of 1 atom of sodium?

mass of Na=1 atom Na x1 mol Na/6.022x1023atoms Na x 22.99 g Na/1 mol Na

mass= ______g of Na

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3)

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