11 IV April 2023

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50840
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Vehicle Accident Prevention

Arnab Purkaystha1, Ashmit Singh2, Subhodip Sinha Choudhury3, Dr. S. D. Lokhande4, Dr. S. S. Lokhande5
1, 2, 3
Students, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Sinhgad College of Engineering
4
Principal, 5Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Sinhgad College of Engineering

Abstract: The global road safety annual report estimates that 1.24 million individuals worldwide pass away every year in traffic-
related incidents. In addition to the death toll listed above, about 50 million people suffer catastrophic injuries that have a lasting
impact on their lives. The proposed system will take in the distance measured by the ultrasonic sensors as an input and vary the
speed of the vehicle accordingly which will slow down the vehicle and prevent a collision. We also have the implementation of
Automatic-headlights which further reduces the chances of human error by automatically turning on the headlights. We are also
adding a luxury component by providing automatic seat adjustment to the driver. In this driver seat will be automatically
adjusted based on the preference of the driver.
Keywords: Accident Prevention, Ultrasonic Sensor, Seat Adjustment, Automatic headlight system, Crash Prevention, Safety.

I. INTRODUCTION
India has the most traffic collisions worldwide, according to the world accident report. Road accidents have given India a
questionable reputation. With more than 130,000 fatalities each year, the nation has surpassed China to hold the record for the
highest number of road traffic fatalities worldwide.4, 40,042 traffic incidents resulted in 1, 39,091 fatalities in the nation last year.
With 16,175 fatalities in 67,757 incidents, Tamil Nadu tops the list, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 15,109 fatalities in 24,478
accidents. With 14,966 fatalities in 39,344 accidents, Andhra Pradesh comes in third and Maharashtra fourth with 13,936 deaths in
45,247 accidents.
The Capital city of Delhi accounts for about 1,866 deaths in 6,937 accidents Annual Road accident rates in India were respectively
15.4%, 10.3%, and 10.1% in the states of Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. Now a days, many a times some obstacle
comes in front of the vehicle and the driver doesn’t get enough reaction time. So, we are developing a project in which the speed of
car automatically decreases on detection of any obstacle that comes in front the vehicle. This will help in prevention of accidents to
a large extent.
We are also adding a luxury component by providing automatic seat adjustment to the driver. In this driver seat will be
automatically adjusted based on the preference of the driver. Also, we will add the feature of automatic headlights by using LDR
sensor. In this the headlights of the vehicle will automatically turn on sensing dip of adequate environment light. Thus, our project
will help in prevention of accidents as well as provide features and assistance to the driver by providing automatic seat adjustment
as well as automatic headlamps.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

1) Gabler, H. C., & Hollowell, W. T. (2000). The crash compatibility of cars and light trucks. Journal of Crash Prevention and
Injury Control, 2(1), 19-31: This paper investigates the compatibility of cars, light trucks, and vans (LTVs) involved in traffic
crashes. An examination of U.S. crash statistics reveals that, despite accounting for roughly one-third of all registered passenger
vehicles in the country, collisions between cars and LTVs account for more than half of all fatalities in light vehicle-to-vehicle
crashes [1]
2) Lakshmi K, Nevetha R, Ilakkiya S N, Ganesan R (2019). Automatic Vehicle Headlight Management System to Prevent
Accidents Due to Headlight Glare. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
Volume-8 Issue-9: Here, the car's headlight beam is lowered in accordance with the brightness of the light coming from the
vehicle in front of it. The high beam from the opposing car on the road is detected using LDR. [2]
3) Teoh, E. R. (2021). Effectiveness of front crash prevention systems in reducing large truck real world crash rates. Traffic Injury
Prevention, 22(4), 284-289: Automatic emergency braking (AEB) and forward collision warning (FCW) have the potential to
avoid or lessen many collisions involving heavy trucks. Although the efficiency of these systems in passenger cars is well
recognized, little is known about how well they perform in huge trucks. [3]

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3213
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

4) Joshi, R., & Banginwar, S. (2020). Height adjustment in school bus seat to improve comfort of children with different age
group. SAE Technical Paper Series: Seats are an important component of a school bus for the comfort and safety of the children.
The thickness of the seat foam, its shape, cushion width, and seat height all play an important role in comfort. Fatigue is a
common result of uncomfortable seating, and it is caused by the fact that school buses only have one type of seat to
accommodate different height children. (Different height means that children in schools range from nursery to senior secondary.)
Fatigue has an impact on children's health and development. [4].

III. RELATED WORK

In [1] author investigates the compatibility of cars, light trucks, and vans (LTVs) involved in traffic crashes. According to these
statistics, LTVs and passenger cars are incompatible in traffic accidents, and LTVs are the more aggressive of the two-vehicle
classes. This gives us a better understanding of the scenario. [2] touches upon the problems related to visibility that occur on road
due to approaching vehicles and dim lit areas which hinder the visibility of the driver resulting in accidents. This was the idea
behind the automatic headlights that can change intensity of the light according to the vehicle's surroundings. [3] deals with the
Automatic emergency braking (AEB) and forward collision warning (FCW) that have the potential to avoid or lessen many
collisions. This played a major role in developing the automatic braking and speed reduction mechanism of the vehicle. [4] deals
with the role of seating in vehicles where it was observed that the type of seat and the comfort actually plays a large role in the
amount of fatigue accumulated by the driver. These factors led to the conclusion of developing better viewing angles for the driver
with the goal of providing better viewing angles and better visibility.

IV. METHODOLOGY
Accident Prevention systems consist of both hardware and software components, to prevent road accidents. Additional features such
as automatic headlight on and off and automatic seat adjustment can also improve safety and comfort for drivers and passengers.

A. Block Diagram

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

To prevent accidents, ultrasonic sensors are utilised to identify probable collisions. High-frequency sound waves are emitted by
these sensors, which then time how long it takes for the waves to return after hitting nearby objects. To calculate the size and
placement of items in the environment, this data will be employed.
An Arduino Nano microcontroller is used to process the ultrasonic sensors' data. The data are analysed, and potential accidents
based on specified criteria are identified using integrated C programming on the Arduino.
The Arduino will decide how to prevent the mishap after analysing the data and identifying a probable accident. If an impediment is
present at less than thirty centimetres, the vehicle will slow down, and if the obstacle is present at less than ten centimetres, the
vehicle will come to a halt.
Now that we have added the Light Dependent Resistor sensor, the vehicle's lighting intensity will be adjusted automatically based
on the amount of ambient light. This will aid in giving the oncoming car more visibility. We also have a seat inclination system
where servo motors are used to change the angle of the seat. Three switches on our system will be fixed with the predetermined seat
angle. The user only needs to push the desired inclination; the seat's inclination will then alter accordingly.

B. Hardware Requirements
Title must be in 24 pt Regular font. Author name must be in 11 pt Regular font. Author affiliation must be in 10 pt Italic. Email
address must be in 9 pt Courier Regular font.
A detailed description of the components are given below.
1) Arduino Nano: The Arduino Nano is a small Arduino board based on ATmega328P or ATmega628 Microcontroller. The
programming of an Arduino nano can be done using the Arduino software. This forms the base of our project as the various
hardware components like Ultrasonic Sensor and Motors to be interfaced/connected to this board. This allows the project to
function as a whole with different components working together
2) Ultrasonic Sensor: The distance between the car and the obstacle is calculated using an ultrasonic distance sensor and the
output from the sensor is provided to the signal conditioning section and then is processed using Arduino Nano. Here HC-SR04
ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the level of the garbage bin. Here the TRIG pin receives the controlling signal from the
Arduino Nano which is the input pin. ECHO pin is used for sending signals to the Arduino Nano where the Arduino Nano
calculates the pulse duration to know the distance between the car and the obstacle. This pin is the ECHO output of the sensor.
This sensor provides a non-contact range detection between 2 cm to 400 cm (~13 feet) with an accuracy of 3 mm. As it operates
on 5 volts, it can be connected directly to any 5V logic microcontroller.
3) DC Motor: The main principle of a DC motor or Direct Current Motor is to convert the direct current energy into mechanical
energy. The energy generated is used to drive the motor. The rotation of DC Motor can be controlled, which makes it ideal an
ideal choice for various mechanical applications. This makes it a suitable choice for our project, where we need to control the
speed of the DC motor corresponding to the distance between the car and the obstacle calculated by the ultrasonic sensor
4) Servo Motor: Servo motor is a type of DC motor which is used If we want to rotate an object at some specific angles or distance.
A servo motor usually has a mechanism that allows us to get a very high torque. This makes it a suitable choice for our project
where we need to adjust the inclination of the car seat according to the user’s specifications. A motor with the capacity to
provide high torque and ability to move through various angles of inclination is thus an absolute necessity.
5) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): A photoresistor, also known as an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), changes its resistance in
response to the light it is exposed to. That is, the resistor will have a resistance of a few Mega ohms when placed in a dark
environment, and as light is gradually shone on the sensor, the resistance will begin to drop from a few Mega ohms to a few
Ohms.

V. RESULTS
The project is developed utilizing a variety of tools and applications. The project uses an ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, DC motor,
and Arduino nano. In this process main issue, we are trying to solve is the prevention of vehicle collisions that may occur due to
human error (misjudgement of distance, poor visibility due to bad lighting conditions, not having a clear view of the road while
driving). The driver seat will be automatically adjusted based on the preference of the driver due to the automatic seat adjustment
feature provided. The headlights of the vehicle will automatically turn on sensing a dip in ambient light due to the automatic
headlights.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3215
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Thus, our project will help in prevention of accidents as well as provide features and assistance to the driver while on road.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The heading of the Acknowledgment section and the References section must not be numbered. We express our heartfelt
appreciation to Dr. S.D. Lokhande for his invaluable support and guidance throughout the project, the principal of our college, and
Dr. M.B. Mali, the Head of the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication for granting us permission to undertake this
project and providing us with unrestricted access to the laboratory facilities. We also wish to express our heartfelt appreciation to
our project guide, Dr. S.D. Lokhande and Dr. S.S Lokhande, for dedicating time and effort to support us throughout the project.
Additionally, we extend our thanks to the Entc Department staff for their assistance. Lastly, we would like to thank our fellow
classmates for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout the project.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3216
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

VII. CONCLUSION
This project works on vehicle crash prevention by means of reducing the speed of the vehicle if an obstacle comes in front of the
vehicle. The proposed system also helps the driver by adjusting the driver seat. This in turn, provides them with the best possible
viewing angles for a stress-free experience while driving leading to lesser road accidents. We will also use this system to
automatically turn on and adjust the intensity of the headlamps of the vehicle so that the driver has no obstruction.

REFERENCES
[1] Gabler, H. C., & Hollowell, W. T. (2000). The crash compatibility of cars and light trucks. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control, 2(1), 19-31.
[2] Lakshmi K, Nevetha R, Ilakkiya S N, Ganesan R (2019). Automatic Vehicle Headlight Management System to Prevent Accidents Due to Headlight Glare.
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) Volume-8 Issue-9.
[3] Joshi, R., & Banginwar, S. (2020). Height adjustment in school bus seat to improve comfort of children with different age group. SAE Technical Paper Series.
[4] Teoh, E. R. (2021). Effectiveness of front crash prevention systems in reducing large truck real world crash rates. Traffic Injury Prevention, 22(4), 284-289.

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