BIOLOGY

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 2

SECTION – A

Q. 1. (i) (b) Spermatogonia
(ii) (d)  One species is benefitted, other is harmed.
(iii) (b)  seral stages
(iv) (d) IUCN
(v) (b) Bacillus thuringiensis
(vi) (b) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
(vii) (c) xylem
(viii) (c)  root hairs
(ix) (c) fossils
(x) (d) GTACTAATG
Q. 2. (i) Example of homologous organs in plants.
Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita.
(ii) 
Lag phase, Exponential phase and Stationary phase are three phases of growth
and the total time required for all phases to occur is called grand period of growth.
(iii)
The function of the reservoir in nutrient cycling is to meet with the deficit, which
occurs due to imbalance in the rate of influx and efflux in any ecosystem.
Ecological pyramid : Ecological pyramid is the graphic representation showing
(iv) 
relationship between the organisms of different successive trophic levels with
respect to energy, biomass and number.
(v) 
A species which becomes extinct in the wild (EW) is called EW category, their
members are seen only in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its
historic range due to massive habitat loss.
The organism shown in the figure is Salmonella typhi bacterium which causes
(vi) 
typhoid.
(vii) Plants showing excessive transpiration have negative root pressure.
Homologous Chromosomes : The morphologically, genetically and structurally
(viii) 
essentially identical chromosomes present in a diploid cell are called homologous
chromosomes.

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 1

 SECTION – B
Q. 3. (1)  The given figure shows spore formation, which is a type of asexual reproduction.
(2)  It is of very common occurrence in lower plants.
(3)  It occurs by production of motile zoospores that are formed in sporangia.
(4)  Flagellated zoospores when liberated can grow independently into new individuals.
(5)  Biflagellate zoospores are formed in algae Chlamydomonas.
Q. 4. A set of genes is switched on when a new substrate is to be metabolized. This
phenomenon is called induction and small molecule responsible for this is known as
inducer.
Allolactose acts as inducer molecule in lac operon.
Q. 5. (a) Symbiont in root nodule – Rhizobium
(b) Conversion of nitrite to nitrate – Nitrobacter
(c) Denitrification process – Pseudomonas
(d) Conversion of ammonia to nitrite – Nitrosococcus
Q. 6. (1)  Mushrooms are directly used as food.
(2) They produce large, fleshy fruiting bodies which are edible.
(3) They are low calorie, sugar free, fat free, but rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals
and amino acids.
(4) Hence, we include mushrooms in our diet.
Q. 7. (1) Most of the parasites cause harm to the host by reducing its survival, growth and
reproduction.
(2) Some parasites can also be fatal to the host causing death of the host.
(3) The population density of host species is reduced by parasites.
(4) The host species become more vulnerable to predation by making it physically
weak.
Q. 8. (1) When sunlight falls on the earth’s surface about 34% of this is reflected back.
(2) About 10% is held by the ozone layer, water vapour and other atmospheric gases.
(3) Out of the total solar energy, about 56% reaches to the earth’s atmosphere.
(4) Only 0.02% of the sunlight is used for photosynthesis. This shows that only a
fraction of sunlight is used for photosynthesis.

Q. 9. Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ (Examples)

(a)  Particulate pollutant Dust, Smog
(b)  Gaseous pollutant Carbon monoxide, Methane
(c) Biomagnification Mercury, DDT
(d)  Heavy metals Lead, Cadmium

2 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 10. (a)  Transgenic mice – 
Cancer research
(b)  Transgenic cattle – Supply of factor IX
(c)  Pig clones – 
Provide tissues for human transplants
E. coli hygromycin resistant gene
(d)  Transgenic fish – 
Q. 11. (a) Loading of vein : In turgid cell, due to increased turgor pressure of photosynthetic
cell, sugar is forced into the sieve tube of the vein, which is known as loading of
vein.
(b) Unloading of vein : At the sink end, turgor pressure is lowered and hence turgor
pressure gradient is developed from sieve tube which translocates food passively
along concentration gradient, this is vein unloading.
Q. 12.

Basement membrane
Cuboidal epithelium
Colloid
Parafollicular cells

Thyroid follicle

Blood vessel
Interfollicular connective tissue
Fig. Histology of thyroid gland

Q. 13. Gland Hormone Effect

Thyroid Thyroxine Regulation of BMR
Neurohypophysis Oxytocin Parturition
Pineal gland Melotonin Sleep cycle
Adrenal Aldosterone Balancing Na and K levels

Q. 14. Haemophilic male crossed with normal female :

Haemophilic male Normal female
XYh
XHXH

Gametes : Xh Y XH XH

F : XHXh
1
X H Xh XHY X HY
   
Carrier Carrier Normal Normal
   
female female male male

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 3

 SECTION – C
Q. 15.
Apomixis

Gametophytic cell produces embryo Sporophytic cell produces embryo

Apogamy Apospory

Embryo from Embryo from other Unreduced embryo sac Nucellar cells
egg haploid cells from megaspore mother form embryo sac
cell
Parthenogenesis Sterile plants
Diplospory Apomictic
embryo sac
e.g. Nicotiana
e.g. Texacum

Q. 16. Cross pollination through biotic agents are entomophily, ornithophily and chiropterophily.
(1)  Entomophily  :  Pollination effected through insects is called entomophily. Insect
pollinated plants are called entomophilous.
  Entomophily is seen in plants like Hibiscus, Rose, Salvia, Cestrum, Jasmine, etc.
(2) 
Ornithophily : Pollination effected through the agency of birds is called
ornithophily. Bird pollinated plants are called ornithophilous plants.
  Or nithophily is seen in plants like Callistemon, Bombax, Butea, etc.
(3) 
Chiropterophily : Pollination effected through bats is called chiropterophily. Bat
pollinated plants are called chiropterophilous plants.
  Chiroptero phily is seen in plants like Anthocephalus (Kadamb tree), Adansonia
(Baobab tree), Kigellia (Sausage tree).
Q. 17. (a) Epididymis  – Maturation of sperms
(b) Sertoli cells  – Nourishment to developing sperms
(c) Vas deferens  – Transport of sperms
(d) Penis  – Copulatory organ
(e) Testes  – Production of sperms
(f) Scrotum  – Protection of testes

4 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 18. Column I Column II
(a)  Alkali treatment (2)  Splits DNA fragments into single strands
(b)  Southern blotting (3) DNA transferred to nitrocellulose sheet
(c) Electrophoresis (1) Separation of DNA fragments on gel slab
(d) PCR (6) DNA amplification
(e) Autoradiography (4) X-ray photography
(f)  DNA treated with REN (5) Produce fragments with different sizes
Q. 19. (1) Water is absorbed by unicellular root hairs from soil.
(2) Presence of capillary water in soil is needed as this water from soil is absorbed
by root hairs.
(3) Soil temperature of 20 – 30 °C favours water absorption.
(4) Rate of absorption is decreased by high concentration of solutes in soil.
(5) Soil should be properly aerated. Poorly aerated soil shows poor absorption rate.
(6) Increased transpiration accelerates rate of absorption of water.
Q. 20. (a) There are four main phases of cardiac cycle shown in the given diagram.
They are : 
(1)  AS : Atrial systole. 
(2)  AD : Atrial diastole. 
(3)  VS : Ventricular systole. 
(4)  VD : Ventricular diastole which is along with joint diastole.
(b) Diastole of entire heart is called joint diastole, which is for about 0.4 second.
(c) Ventricular systole is almost for the double time than the atrial systole. Atrial
systole is for 0.1 second whereas ventricular systole is for 0.3 second.
Q. 21. Structural characteristics of cerebrum : 
(1) Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It forms 80 – 85% volume of the brain.
(2) A median longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into two cerebral hemispheres.
These hemispheres are interconnected by a thick band of transverse nerve fibres
called corpus callosum.
(3) The outer part of cerebrum is called cerebral cortex, while the inner part is called
cerebral medulla.
(4) The roof of cerebrum is called pallium. Pallium is highly folded forming sulci and
gyri. Sulci are depressions while gyri are ridges. The gyri increase the surface area
of cerebral cortex.
(5) The ventro-lateral walls of cerebrum are thickened and are called corpora striata.
(6) The cerebral cortex has three deep sulci, the central, lateral and parieto-occipital.

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 5

Q. 22.
Extrinsic pathway Intrinsic pathway
Inactive factor X

Tissue Thromboplastin Cascade of clotting factors

Activated factor X

Prothrombin Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin Blood clot

Q. 23. Signs and symptoms of filariasis : 

(1) As the lymphatic drainage does not take place, there is oedema with thickening
of skin and underlying tissue.
(2) Extremities like legs, arms, breasts, scrotum, etc. are affected by nematode causing
lymphatic filariasis, i.e. Wuchereria bancrofti.
(3) Lymph vessels and lymph nodes are enlarged and swollen.
(4) Elephantiasis is seen in which limbs are swollen like legs of elephant.
(5) Lymphoedema, i.e. accumulation of lymph fluid is seen in tissue causing swelling.
(6) Hydrocele condition develops in which testis are enlarged due to accumulation of
lymphatic fluid in testis.
Q. 24. Gene therapy is being used as follows :
(1) Replacement of missing or defective genes.
(2) Delivery of genes that speed the destruction of cancer cells.
(3) Supply of genes that cause cancer cells to revert back to normal cells.
(4) Delivery of bacterial or viral genes as a form of vaccination.
(5) Delivery of DNA to antigen expression and generation of immune response.
(6) Supply of gene for impairing viral replication.
Q. 25. Significance of Transpiration :
(1) Removal of excess of water
(2) Helps in passive absorption of water and minerals
(3) Helps in ascent of sap – transpiration pull
(4) Maintains turgor of cells
(5) Imparts cooling effect by reducing temperature
(6) 90% – 93% is stomatal transpiration and hence when stomata are open gaseous
exchange takes place.

6 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 26.
Non-Homologous
regions

Centromere

Homologous region

Fig. Structure of X and Y chromosomes in humans

X-chromosome Y-chromosome
1. 
X-chromosome is straight, rod-like 1. Y-chromosome is shorter chromosome
and longer than Y-chromosome. It is which is acrocentric.
metacentric.
2. 
X-chromosome has large amount of 2. 
Y-chromosome has small amount of
euchromatin and small amount of euchromatin and large amount of
heterochromatin. heterochromatin.
3. 
X-chromosome has large amount of 3. 
Y-chromosome has less amount of
DNA, hence it is genetically active DNA, hence it is genetically less active
due to more genes. or inert due to lesser genes.
4. 
Non-homologous region of 4. 
Non-homologous region of
X-chromosome is longer and contains Y-chromosome is shorter and contains
more genes. lesser genes.

SECTION – D
Q. 27. (1) Parturition is the act of expelling out the mature foetus from the uterus of mother
via the vagina.
(2) When the foetus is fully mature, it starts secreting ACTH (Adreno Cortico Trophic
Hormone) from its pituitary.
(3) ACTH stimulates adrenal glands of foetus to produce corticosteroids.
(4)  These corticosteroids diffuse from foetal blood to mother’s blood across the
placenta. Corticosteroids accumulate in mother’s blood that results in decreased
amount of progesterone. Corticosteroids also increase secretion of prostaglandins.
(5) Simultaneously estrogen levels rise bringing about initation of contractions of
uterine muscular wall.
(6)  Reduced progesterone level and increased estrogen level cause secretion of
oxytocin from mother’s pituitary. This causes greater stimulation of myometrium
of uterus.

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 7

 (7) Prostaglandins cause increased forceful contraction of uterus which expels the
foetus out of the uterus.
(8) Hormone relaxin secreted by the placenta makes the pubic ligaments and sacroiliac
joints of the mother loosen. This causes widening of birth canal which facilitates
the normal birth of the baby.
Q. 28. Major changes that took place in evolution of man are as follows :
(1) Increase in size and complexity of brain and enhanced intelligence.
(2) Increase in cranial capacity.
(3)
Bipedal locomotion.
(4)
Opposable thumb.
(5)
Erect posture.
(6) Shortening of forelimbs and lengthening of hind limbs.
(7) Development of chin. Orthognathous face.
(8) Broadening of pelvic girdle and development of lumbar curvature.
(9) Social and cultural development such as articulated speech, art, development of
tools, etc.
Q. 29. External structure of human heart :
(1) The heart is hollow, muscular, conical organ about the size of one’s fist with
broad base and narrow apex tilted towards left measuring about 12 cm in length,
9 cm in breadth and weighing about 250 to 300 grams.
(2) The human heart has four chambers, two atria which are superior, small, thin
walled receiving chambers and two ventricles which are inferior, large, thick
walled, distributing chambers.
Left common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic artery Left subclavian artery
Superior vena cava
Aorta

Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery

Left pulmonary veins

Right pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Coronary sinus
Inferior vena cava
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Apex of heart

Fig. Posterior (dorsal) view : External structure of human heart

(3) Externally there is a transverse groove between the atria and the ventricles which
is known as atrioventricular groove or coronary sulcus.
(4) Between the right and left ventricles there is interventricular sulcus (pl. sulci).
In these sulci the coronary arteries and coronary veins are present.
8 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 (5) Oxygenated blood to the heart is supplied by coronary arteries while coronary
veins collect deoxygenated blood from the heart. The coronary veins join to form
coronary sinus which opens into the right atrium.
(6) Right atrium is larger in size than the left atrium. Deoxygenated blood from all
over the body is brought through superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and
poured into right atrium. Oxygenated blood from lungs is brought to heart by two
pairs of pulmonary veins which carry it to the left atrium.
(7) Pulmonary trunk is seen arising from the right ventricle, which carries deoxygenated
blood to lungs, while systemic aorta arises from the left ventricle and carries
oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
(8) The pulmonary trunk and systemic aorta are connected by ligamentum arteriosum
that represents remnant of ductus arteriosus of foetus.
Q. 30. (a) Synaptic vesicles contain a neurotransmitter – acetyl choline.
(b)
Exocytosis.
(c) Removal of neurotransmitter by the action of acetyl cholinesterase.
(d) Yes. As far as impulse is transmitted by presynaptic neuron, it will be received
by postsynaptic neuron.
Q. 31. (1) Sericulture is the practice of rearing silkworms for the production of silk.
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is reared for obtaining best quality of silk called
(2) 
mulberry silk. Tussar silk and Eri silk are other varieties of silk which are inferior
to the mulberry silk.
(3) Larvae of silkworm are fed on the mulberry leaves. Quality and quantity of silk
depends on the quality of mulberry leaves.
(4) These larvae are reared, developed and well looked after by the skilful labour
keeping a constant watch.
(5) Silkworm larvae may be infected by protozoans, viruses and fungi. Ants, crows,
birds and other predators are ready to attack these insects. Hence, the cages of
these larvae must be managed to prevent predators attack.
(6) Silk is obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm.
(7) Sericulture is an age-old practice and can be started with low investment and
small space. It requires scientific knowledge and skill. Disabled, older and
handicapped people also can practise it.

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SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 9