College of Engineering

Critical Study Report on

Title of the Project (Internet of Things (IoT) based

health monitoring system using Body Sensors)

Submitted by

Name of
ABSTRACT

In the current COVID-19 epidemic, Internet of Things (IoT) health monitoring solutions
might be extremely valuable to patients. Patients' vital signs, including as temperature,
heart rate, and oxygen saturation, may be monitored in real time using an IoT-based
system that incorporates the data from these measures into a real-time monitoring
system. This solution is ideal for rapid access to vital statistics like temperature, pulse
rate, and oxygen saturation level and synchronization with mobile applications. One of
the proposed methods is an IoT-based one that employs an Arduino Uno,Many
generations of the twentieth century perished as a result of the Corona pandemic, as
the number of individuals who died reached 1885, despite their age being more than
60 years old, significantly reducing Oman's old population. Additionally, the pandemic
has pushed back the dates of periodic examinations for the elderly and chronically ill
patients. Our goal is to use the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor patient health online,
which will result in fewer outpatient sessions. Additionally, we may keep an eye on our
grandpa or grandma online. The monitoring system for this project will contain a pulse
sensor to monitor heart rate, temperature sensors to monitor body temperature, and
an emergency button. All of these components will be connected to a tiny controller
that will act as a set point for the sensors and provide alerts. This initiative will
contribute to improving Oman's health status and average years of life by minimizing
hospital visits, hence lowering cross-infection and infection with infectious illnesses, as
occurred during the corona epidemic.

i
Table of Content

Abstract ...................................................................................................................... i

List of Tables ............................................................................................................. iii

List of Figures ............................................................................................................iv

Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................. 5

Chapter 2: Literature Review ..................................................................................... 8

Chapter 3: Pre-Design ............................................................................................. 20

Chapter 4: Conclusion ............................................................................................. 27

Further Work ........................................................................................................... 28

References .............................................................................................................. 30

ii
LIST OF TABLES

iii
LIST OF FIGURES

iv
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Internet of things or IoT is the interconnection networking between various
objects that are generally equipped with necessary sensors and linked with
related software and technologies in order to establish a communication
between them for data transfer (Xia et al., 2012).

The COVID-19 pandemic is considered as the main public health challenge

during the years 2020 affecting the availability and the accessibility of health
care with no difference between countries or continents. The term Healthcare
access refers to the easy access to the required health care by the individuals.
It can be also defined as the opportunity of reaching proper health care in timely
manner. They are indeed many factors that could affect and limit the individuals
from accessing required healthcare including social, financial, cultural and
organizational barriers. As a consequence of the presence of these factors the
health status of the population will be affected (Núñez et al., 2021).

Since it is vital to access to medical care in order to avoid spreading the

illnesses and reduce possibility of deaths due COVID-19 or any other health
risk, it is feasible to adapt technology such as IoT for the purpose of healthcare
monitoring. Devices equipped with internet of things facilitated monitoring of
the patients health increasing the patients exposure to health physicians.
Moreover, IoT helped reducing the admission to hospitals and healthcare
centres. Thus, reducing healthcare costs. https://www.wipro.com/business-
process/what-can-iot-do-for-healthcare-/

1.2 Project Aim

To develop monitoring health of people who need special care and also to
detect the condition before it gets worse and increases the average years of
living in Oman.

1.3 Project Objectives

- To search and review previous projects and used in the medical field.

5
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

- To meet doctors and review the idea of the project and their aspirations and
advice of the project.
- To review and design the reliability of the Internet of things (IoT) monitoring
health system using body sensors.
- To implement the design and tests for the different patient to check the
accuracy of the reading.

1.3 Problem Description

A large number of the generations of the fifties of previous century perished
as a result of the Corona epidemic, with the number of individuals who died
reaching 1885, despite the fact that their age was greater than 60 years. As a
result, the percentage of old people in Oman was significantly reduced. In
addition, as a result of the pandemic, the dates for periodic examinations for
the elderly and those with chronic diseases have been moved back. Our goal
is to monitor patient health online through the use of the Internet of Things
(IoT), which will allow us to minimize the number of outpatient sessions. We
may also keep tabs on our grandfather or grandma over the internet. The
monitoring system for this project will contain a pulse sensor to detect the
heart rate, temperature sensors to measure the body temperature, and an
emergency button, this effort will assist to improve health in Oman and limit
the spread of infectious illnesses, such as those caused by the corona
pandemic.

1.4 Project Feasibility

The project needs a lot of different sensors and a microcontroller to work

properly. Components can be found based on the type of hardware. Through
research, it was found that the best microcontrollers for the project, like the
Arduino and Raspberry Pi 4, can be found in Oman. Furthermore, the chosen
health-related sensors were not found to be accessible for purchase in Oman,
making the sensors a bit more difficult to get. They may only be acquired through
online stores run by e-retailers. A thorough literature assessment was conducted
in order to compile a list of accessible and useable sensors, as well as their
accuracy. According to the components used in the design, the project has a
budget of over 80 OMR, which is pretty reasonable for a project of this nature.

6
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

1.5 Project Scope

The scope of the proposed project is to improve the methods for providing
basic health care services to patients who are unable to visit a doctor's office
or who require continuous monitoring, where it provides continuous
monitoring for vital signs that are directly sent to the corresponding health
care centre server for observation.. Due to time and geographical limits, a
system with these characteristics can assist diagnose and prevent avoidable
deaths, as well as provide a basis for studying pandemics and their impacts.
In addition, it raises the average life expectancy in Oman.

1.6 Project Methodology

For this project, a review of the existing literature in the area in which the
proposed project falls was carried out. The design decisions and architecture of a
health monitoring system based on the internet of things were examined in order
to have a better grasp of what is required. To further understand how sensors
operate, the key components of the designs provided by earlier writers were
studied. Two types of body pressure sensors were evaluated for their reading
methods and accuracy, as well as for how easy they were to use and integrate.
The prior studies' limits and issues were highlighted in order to prevent them from
recurring in the current research. The Raspberry Pi zero microcontroller device
will be used to construct the system, which will use sensors to monitor vital
indications such as heart rate, body temperature, and pulse oximeter
measurements.In addition, the system will be powered by a 5 volt battery. Using
the linked load, the battery's capacity may be estimated without the need to
increase its size. The microcontroller processes each sensor's vital indicators
before sending them to the system. A rudimentary diagnostic of the patient's
health state is provided by the cloud processing server once the data has been
processed. A new feature has been implemented that allows each patient to have
their own personal profile. Previously gathered data, as well as health reports, will
be saved in the profile. Using a mobile app, a connection to a user's health profile
may be offered.

1.7 Project Challenges

The circuit will have a lot of wires because of the sensors that will change the
shape of the outside. The shape needs to be small and elegant for the patient to

7
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

accept. All the seasons will be on the same circuit and communicate with each
other through Wi-Fi. I will have to write the complicated logic. A small design and
a small, long-lasting power source are important for this project. The design
should also be small. To start, you'll need to figure out how to set things up in
your computer so that you can read them. You'll also need to figure out how to
use your WiFi module to send the data to the cloud and share it on your phone.

1.8 USDG Goals

One of the goals that are met with the USDG goals is to ensure healthy lives and
promote wellbeing for all at all ages, which improves the health field.

1.9 Summary
This chapter gives a comprehensive summary of the project's concept, goal,
and objectives. The problem description also explains why the project is being
implemented. The scope of the project, as well as the challenges that may be
encountered while working on technological initiatives, are also covered in
this chapter. It also discusses the feasibility and methods.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is a paper that looks at the work that other people have already
done on a certain topic. It looks at the methods used in other papers and looks at
how well they work. It also looks at the findings and conclusions made in the papers.
This chapter is about looking at previous work done by five journals, mostly by the
authors, on the topic of IoT-based health monitoring systems. In this chapter, we will
give a full description and critical analysis of the papers in terms of methodology,
system design, testing methods, and the success of the paper's goal.

Banka et al. (2018) wrote a paper about the idea of Smart Healthcare Monitoring
using IoT. This is the main point of his paper. The Internet of Things is the connection
of devices, apps, sensors, and networks that make it easier for these things to get
and share data. People who use the Internet of Things in the healthcare system can
always keep an eye on a patient by checking a lot of different things, and they can
figure out how well the patient is doing based on the history of this kind of constant
monitoring. Many devices with medical sensors are now found in ICUs. This paper

8
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

shows how a Raspberry Pi can be used to keep an eye on your health from afar. The
Raspberry Pi is a small payment card-sized single-board microcontroller that was
made to help people learn basic computer science in colleges and countries that
don't have a lot of money. In this paper, a system is designed to keep an eye on
important things like heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature at all times.
The idea might not be very new, but we've come up with a cheap and simple way to
use the Raspberry Pi to run the system. The main goal of this system is to keep the
data up to date and send an alert to the doctor if there is something wrong with it, as
well as figure out if the patient has a disease. The first is done with the help of the
MySQL db module, which connects the Raspberry Pi to the database. The second is
done with the help of the Raspberry Pi, the GSM module, and the web interface.
People in the medical field can use the data from this system to do any kind of
research they want.

They suggest an automated method to track a patient's body temperature, heart rate,
movements, and blood pressure in this study. They also enhance the current system
to forecast if the patient has a chronic ailment or disease based on the various health
measures and other symptoms acquired by the system.

9
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

The diagram above shows how to get information about a patient's health state by
monitoring several factors and analyzing the data to determine whether the patient
has a chronic problem or other disease. Unprocessed data from different IoT devices
is collected and stored on the server at level 1. Temperature, vibration, blood
pressure, and pulse sensors are among the sensors included in these devices.
Because some of the sensors provide analog outputs that the Raspberry Pi cannot
read, they transform the analog data to digital using a converter IC. Then, using a
Raspberry Pi with a Linux operating system installed, they build Python code that
receives the values from the sensors and changes them in the database at regular
intervals. In level 2, the important information is acquired by filtering, classifying, and
categorizing the data recorded. This data consists of the patient's current health
statistics as well as any symptoms he or she may be experiencing. This information
will be utilized at the following level to determine whether or not the patient is
suffering from an illness. They employ data mining methods to forecast the kind and
nature of the sickness or diseases for which the system was created at level 3, the
analysis and prediction phase. Artificial intelligence can make the system smarter,
which can help it develop even more. Using the current information base, they may
infer the sickness or ailment and classify the outcome into multiple categories, such
as ideal, normal, and with symptoms. In this research, they have developed a system
in which the system monitors the patient's temperature, heart rate, body motions, and
blood pressure reading data. The numerous sensors are put on the patient's body,
and they take readings and send the related signals to the Raspberry Pi, which then
processes the information. The Raspberry Pi is a single-board computer the size of a
credit card that runs the Linux operating system. Different sensors are used to detect
the patient's body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the findings are
transferred to a database via the Raspberry Pi, which can then be viewed from
anywhere in the world via the internet, which is made possible by the GSM module.

In conclusion, they developed and demonstrated a prototype for an automated

system that ensures continuous monitoring of several health indices and the
prediction of any sickness or problem, allowing patients to avoid the discomfort of
repeated hospital visits. The suggested system may be installed in hospitals, and it
can collect and store a large quantity of data in an online database. An application
can also be used to access the findings from a mobile device.

Artificial intelligence system components can be added to the system to increase

communication between doctors and patients. Data mining may be used to analyze

10
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

the data, which consists of the medical history of many patients' parameters and
related outcomes, in order to find consistent patterns and systematic linkages in the
disease. For example, if a patient's health parameters change in a similar way to
those of a prior patient in the database, the effects can be calculated as well. It would
be easier for doctors and medical researchers to find a solution if similar patterns
were discovered regularly.

Using IoT-based systems for Heart Rate Monitoring and Heart Attack Detection (TV
Sethuraman, Kartik Singh Rathore, Amritha G, and Kanimozhi G, 2019), The heart is
an essential organ.A heartbeat is a two-part pumping movement that lasts almost a
second. Heart diseases are fairly frequent nowadays. Approximately 1 million men
and women die each year from heart disease. Heart rate is an important metric in
heart function. Thus, heart rate monitoring is critical in research on heart health and
performance. The IoT is proposed for heart rate monitoring and anomaly detection.
Most cardiac problems now require long-term surveillance and continual monitoring.
The nurses or doctors on duty can check the patient's heart rate on the serial monitor
through the real-time monitoring system. The prototype may also retain the patient's

heartbeat data, which the doctor can use to study the patient's heart condition and for
other uses. The technology is based on a low-cost portable heart rate monitor. The
real-time data may be seen and saved for future investigations into the patient's
cardiac condition. The ECG sensor and pulse sensor are used to create a bracelet
that can detect a heart attack and alert medical personnel. It uses Lilypad, Arduino,
and Android apps. A panic button is also given as part of a heart attack alarm
system.

11
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

The essential components in modeling a heart rate monitoring system are heart rate
sensors, Wi-Fi modules, and Arduino. When a heart attack happens, the alarm
message is obtained by combining IoT with this through a heart rate application. The
heart rates of participants ranging in age from 20 to 80 years old are measured and
analyzed. This information is also saved to the SD card in order to keep track of the
person's heart rate characteristics. The pulse sensor is used in conjunction with a
temperature sensor to monitor heart rate and identify heart attacks. For heart rate
measurement, an IR emitter-detector pair is employed, and the sensor's output is
amplified again by the 741 OP amp IC. A low-pass filter is utilized to reduce noise
from the signal. Regardless of age, an ECG examination is critical in assessing heart
health. Individual heart rate monitoring and interbeat interval monitoring prototypes
are being developed. Continuous heart rate monitoring is a crucial aspect in the
health treatment of people suffering from cardiovascular disorders, especially in the
case of elderly people and patients in private homes. A GSM MODEM is used to do
this. The heart rate sensor, MCU, interface circuit, and MODEM are all utilized. The
AT89C52 MCU is used in the system. Internal resources integrated with the
AT89C52 MCU meet system requirements for low power consumption and ease of
operation. Smart and linked health care is the most essential application among the
IoT's many possibilities.

In conclusion, this system implements a real-time heart rate monitoring and heart
attack detection system utilizing IoT. Patients of all ages will benefit from the
suggested design since it provides real-time heart health monitoring. It also ensures
that the patient's data is secure and private. Using the MQTT and IFTTT protocols,

12
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

the suggested design is implemented as a real-time monitoring system that assists in

giving prompt health care to the patient. The design also includes an alarm system
and location tracking. In addition, to offer security, privacy, and low latency, a local
server is deployed.

Narasimha Rao Jasti Madhu's Master of Science thesis in the topic of IoT-based
Remote Patient Health Monitoring System was based on this article. Healthcare is
too expensive for those who require it. In poor nations, this is especially true. As a
result, this initiative is an attempt to address a contemporary healthcare issue in
society. The project's major goal was to create a remote healthcare system. It is
divided into three sections. The first phase involves employing sensors to detect a
patient's vital signs; the second involves transferring data to cloud storage; and the
third involves making the discovered data available for remote viewing. The data may
be seen remotely, allowing a doctor or guardian to keep track of a patient's health
status when they are not in the hospital.

Currently, sensors are connected to a single PMS through active network technology.
This allows physicians or nurses to respond quickly in case of an emergency. The
sensors are affixed to the patients' bodies without generating pain. Using easily
accessible sensors, this PMS monitors vital physiological indicators such as body
temperature, ECG, heart rate, and blood pressure. A microcontroller is then fed the
analog values received by the various sensors. Using an ADC converter, the
microcontroller translates these analog signals into digital values. The central PMS
now receives digitalized values from many microcontrollers. Sensors connected to a
microcontroller through a transceiver operate as modules, each with its own ID. Each
module wirelessly transfers data to the central PMS PC's gateway computer. For
example, the gateway can receive various physical parameter values for patients
based on their IDs. To work on several physical parameters of each patient in a time
interval, the program uses a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Any doctor or nurse may
access the central PMS at any time and view the history of any patient's critical
metrics. The custom software will tell the Central PMS how to send an SMS message
to a GSM modem with the patient ID. This will happen if there is a critical situation
that needs to be taken care of right away for a patient. People at the hospital are also
called by voice. The SMS also has a status update on the patient's health. With the
help of the patient ID, the doctor can quickly identify and help the patient.

The custom software will tell the Central PMS to allow the GSM modem to send an
SMS with the patient ID in the case of a serious scenario that demands the urgent
attention of physicians or nurses for any of the patients. A voice call is also made to
the hospital's physicians and personnel. A status update on the patient's physical
state is also included in the SMS. The doctor can readily recognize and attend to the
patient's situation with the aid of the patient ID.The custom software will tell the
Central PMS how to send an SMS message to a GSM modem with the patient ID.
This will happen if there is a critical situation that needs to be taken care of right
away for a patient. People at the hospital are also called by voice. The SMS also has
a status update on the patient's health. With the help of the patient ID, the doctor can
quickly identify and help the patient.The custom software will tell the Central PMS to
allow the GSM modem to send an SMS with the patient ID in the case of a serious
scenario that demands the urgent attention of physicians or nurses for any of the

13
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

patients. A voice call is also made to the hospital's physicians and personnel. A
status update on the patient's physical state is also included in the SMS. The doctor
can readily recognize and attend to the patient's situation with the aid of the patient
ID.

A single parameter, such as the reading from an electrocardiogram (ECG), is

monitored. Depending on the technique employed to identify the ECG or heartbeat, a
variety of readings can be obtained from the data. Heart rate and oxygen saturation
can be determined via an ECG measurement. At the same time, this monitors a wide
range of variables. High Dependency Facilities, Intensive Care Units (ICU), during
surgery in a hospital theatre, or post-surgical recovery units in hospitals are
examples of such a system in action. The ECG, blood pressure, and breathing rate
are all monitored. Patient survival is essentially confirmed by the multiparameter
monitoring system. The bulk of the elderly in developing nations travel to rural
regions after retiring from their jobs. Assisted living facilities may be available in
industrialized countries. A remote health monitoring system might come in helpful
here.

In conclusion, the system modules that have been designed can be made even
better by making them into a single circuit. There was another important fact that
came up while they were designing the project. All of the circuit parts used in the
remote health detection system can be easily found. With the development of
integrated circuits, micro-electro-mechanical systems and microcontrollers have
become more affordable, have faster processing speeds, are smaller, and use less
power. These embedded systems have also been used in smartphones. The Remote
Health Care System makes use of these ideas to come up with a better way for
people in society to live their lives. During the programming of the microcontrollers,
electromagnetic fields are looked at and software is used to make the
microcontrollers do what they need to do.

In their paper "IoT-based Patient Health Care for COVID 19 Center," the authors
Shreerang J. More, Pranav S. Patil, Jitendra M. More, Prayag S. Patil, and Satish S.
Marathe (2020) discuss the use of IoT systems for health monitoring systems in their
paper "IoT-based Patient Health Care for COVID 19 Center.", This study presents
the COVID 19 center monitoring and management system, as well as the integration
of several sensor networks with the Internet of Things (IoT). The sensors that have

14
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

been installed are able to connect with the data gathering and processing device.
The data collected by the device may be instantly uploaded to the cloud via the
COVID-19 center's internet connection. As a result, the goal of this project was to
provide COVID-19 center management using an IoT-based strategy to handle
medical services, patient monitoring, and treatment flow. The temperature sensor
(DHT11) and the Node MCU ESP8266 controller are included in the tested model.
Through a remote link, a system may monitor and operate COVID-19 center services
and patient monitoring. Three temperature sensors are attached to measure the
temperature of the patients. For the cloud-based IoT implementation, the mobile-
based blynk was used. The Sensor provides data to the Blynk server, which may
subsequently be seen by any smart phone application. Furthermore, when a patient's
fever exceeded the normal range, an alarm was sent to the appropriate authorities in
a timely manner. According to the findings, the designed system has the ability to
function in a pandemic situation and is technologically feasible. In a pandemic
situation, the benefits of deployed research methodologies are important in digital
health management. Hospitals, COVID centers, and intensive care units (ICUs) can
all be run efficiently, and patient diagnostic applications based on online databases
have a lot of potential in the internet of things and patient health management space.

The coronavirus disease, or COVID 19, has caused a pandemic around the world.
This has to do with health problems, and infections are on the rise all over the world.
Many people who have been infected need medical facilities and services with
enough resources and management. In pandemic situations, the Internet can be
used for different operations and processes than can be used in those situations.
People who use the Internet of Things (IoT) system have a lot of good technology
that can help them with medical diagnostics and patient records. The COVID-19
pandemic can be dealt with a lot of difficulties with real-time integration of IoT-based
services. Most of the time, a lot of devices can connect to complicated networks so
that they can exchange data with more ease. Proper health management has a lot of
digital tools that can help you keep an eye on and control your health. During
pandemics and emergency medical services, it also has a way to alert, show, and
control itself. COVID-19 has spread to all countries, and there are problems because
so many people have been infected with this new virus. The COVID-19 center is a
very important place that needs to be properly monitored and managed with
communication tools. A patient's health can be monitored and checked from afar.
People who work in the medical field may be able to see a patient's health data and
diagnosis record right away based on real-time data.

For the COVID-19 quarantine center, a large number of linked devices may be joined
together to build a network. This system can also be integrated with an alert and
tracking system to record data on the patient's health state, health issues, and
medical emergencies. The system might also integrate the sensors used in COVID
quarantine facilities to keep track of patients and contaminated people by keeping
records and entry/exit logs. Making decisions based on data obtained via the smart
system might be easier and faster. Temperature probes, electrocardiogram sensors
(ECG), blood pressure sensors, SPO2 pulsioximeters, and other instruments and
sensors are used to analyze patients isolated in COVID-19 centers. The suggested
solution incorporates a cloud-based platform with an IoT foundation for the entire
quarantine center administration. Medical sensors are used to collect data and real-
time information on a patient's health status, such as body temperature, heart rate
and activity, blood pressure, blood oxygen level, and so on. These sensors can be
linked in such a way that they can communicate with one another. The complexity of
computations and information handling can be handled by a quarantine center with a

15
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

central processing unit. The ESP-8266 embedded device is used in this research to
connect to a cloud-based platform and communicate data with a central information
management system. With IoT installation, sensor data is sent to the Blynk platform.

The ESP8266 board's circuitry is used to operate and connect all connected devices
and medical equipment to networks. The COVID-19 patient data visualization is
provided below the system interface for one DHT 11 node in the interface for doctors
and medical teams.

16
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

The customized Blynk app provides a wealth of features for remotely monitoring and
controlling data from the COVID-19 center. Users may even exchange data or
reports with other users on the Blynk platform. Real-time and historical data
measures linked to patient health, such as body temperature, blood pressure, oxygen
level, ECG, and so on, may be seen from any location via remote connectivity as
soon as the app is installed on the device. The COVID-19 management system
presented in this study, which is based on an IoT system, has the ability to manage
efficient operations in hospitals, test laboratories, pharmaceutical wholesalers, and
government offices.

In conclusion, the suggested study and approach are centered on COVID-19 center
management with IoT-based patient health monitoring. According to the study, a
blynk-based software has greater advantages if the widgets are mobile-friendly. An
integrated environment allows for multiple user login credentials. Remote
management may reduce direct physical interaction with COVID-19 employees and
patients. Digital technology and networked settings are used in health care. Cloud-
based technologies enable remote monitoring and management of infected patients.
Doctors, pharmaceutical companies, researchers, and government organizations can
use the database to handle pandemics. Remote activities include interval check-ups,
patient inspections based on data reports, emergency alerts, and patient involvement
through talkback chat. The remote alerting of doctors is also possible. Across-
regional patient and COVID-19 center status may be tracked in real-time. The same
may be said for security, management, and worker warnings pertaining to fire safety,
accidents, and intruder detection. The internet of things (IoT) allows large-scale
integration of physical and virtual worlds.

"IoT-BASED HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEMS" by Naina Gupta, Her Saeed,

Sanjana Jha and Manisha Chahande (2017) reviews the IoT systems built for health

17
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

monitoring systems. The ability to manage a job and health at the same time has
become a major source of anxiety for most individuals in this fast-paced society.
Long waiting times in hospitals, as well as ambulatory patient monitoring, are well-
documented problems. The issue necessitates the development of a health
monitoring system that can smoothly monitor daily routine health metrics and heart
rate monitoring, and that can report the results to the appropriate person with the
assistance of the GSM module. With the advancement of technology, a variety of
monitoring systems have emerged, each of which is designed to make the
individual's life easier. The current state of research and development in the subject
of health is discussed in this study. Diverse implemented systems have been
compared and assessed in order to find the relevant shortcomings and to determine
what may be done in order to deliver a higher throughput than the currently available
scenario systems.

A health monitoring system is a reliable tool for keeping track of a person's health
status on a regular basis. It contributes to the provision of monitoring at any time and
from any location. Health monitoring is an important study topic since it allows
everyone to check their fundamental regular health metrics at any time of day or
night. It may also be used to track the heart rate of an individual. As an alternative to
scheduling appointments and then standing in line at the doctor's office, it gives a
convenient way to check on one's health at any time of day. Additionally, preloaded
information would save doctors' time, as they will be able to evaluate crucial cases
instead of performing regular check-ups at the clinic. For the purposes of this article,
they will explore several health factors, as well as research and analyze all of the
already available devices, and plan our strategy to developing a device that
addresses the shortcomings of currently available devices at the same time.

18
 Chapter 2: Literature Review

According to the study, the health monitoring system is a good way to keep track of
your health. People who care about you can keep an eye on your health with this
tool. It helps to cut down on time by giving people easy-to-use devices that sense
and monitor the health of patients and report that information to the people who need
to know. The main goal is to let the device move and move quickly on a person, but
still keep track of all the parameters that have been set. In the future, this could be a
combined unit that takes up less space and is easier to use in any environment,
especially when monitoring outdoors.

19
 Chapter 3: Pre-Design

CHAPTER 3: PRE-DESIGN
The preliminary design phase provides a high-level overview of the methods that will
be utilized to carry out this project. This chapter illustrates the working concept of the
whole project through the use of a block diagram, as well as the components that will
be employed in the project and their contribution to the projects overall functionality
and functionality. During the course of this project, the design that will be used for the
project is depicted, and this is examined in terms of having a high level of
optimization, minimal expenditure, high performance, and efficiency while conserving
the environment's energy resources.

Block Diagram

Power
Cloud
Body supply 5V
temperature

Wi-Fi

Heart Arduino uno

Mobile
rate Application
sensor

Pulse
Oximeter

…………….

20
 Chapter 3: Pre-Design

Hardware Components

Arduino Uno - R3

The Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board that uses the ATmega328P

microprocessor (datasheet). There are 14 digital input/output pins (six of which may
be used as PWM outputs), six analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power connector, an ICSP header, and a reset button on this board. It
comes with everything you'll need to get started with the microcontroller; just plug it
into a computer with a USB connection or power it with an AC-to-DC converter or
battery. You may experiment with your UNO without being concerned about making a
mistake. In the worst-case situation, you can replace the chip and start again for a few
bucks. In Italian, "uno" means "one," and it was selected to commemorate the
introduction of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and Arduino Software (IDE)
version 1.0 were the reference versions of Arduino, which have since been superseded
by later releases. The Arduino Uno board is the first of a series of USB Arduino boards
and the platform's standard model; see the Arduino index of boards for a
comprehensive list of current, historical, and obsolete devices.

https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/arduinoBoardUno

https://www.sparkfun.com/products/11021

WiFi Module - ESP8266 (4MB Flash)

The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC with an inbuilt TCP/IP protocol
stack that can provide access to your Wi-Fi network to any microcontroller. The
ESP8266 may either host an application or offload all Wi-Fi networking functionality to

21
 Chapter 3: Pre-Design

a separate application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with

AT command set firmware, so you can just plug it into your Arduino and have roughly
as much Wi-Fi functionality as a Wi-Fi Shield (right out of the box)! The ESP8266
module is a low-cost board with a large, and rapidly increasing, community. This
module offers sufficient on-board processing and storage capabilities to enable it to be
coupled with sensors and other application-specific devices through its GPIOs with
minimum development and load during runtime. For the ESP8266, there is a seemingly
endless supply of knowledge, all of which has been made possible by incredible
community support. Many resources for utilizing the ESP8266 may be found in the
Documents section below, including instructions on how to turn this module into an IoT
(Internet of Things) solution!

https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17146

Heart Rate using Pulse Sensor

The Pulse Sensor is a well-designed low-power plug-and-play heart-rate sensor

for the Arduino. Students, artists, sportsmen, manufacturers, game and mobile
developers, and anyone who wish to integrate live heart-rate data into their
products may utilize it. The nicest thing is that this sensor connects directly to
Arduino and attaches onto a fingertip or earlobe with ease. It's also very tiny
(button-shaped) and has holes in it, allowing it to be sewed into cloth.

22
 Chapter 3: Pre-Design

The side of the sensor with the heart logo is on the front. Here's where you'll put
your finger. The Kingbright's reverse mounted green LED glows through a tiny
circular hole on the front side.

23
 Chapter 3: Pre-Design

A tiny ambient light photo sensor – APDS-9008 from Avago – sits immediately below
the LED, similar to those used in mobile phones, tablets, and laptops, and is used to
adjust the screen brightness in changing light circumstances.

The remainder of the components, including a microchip MCP6001 Op-Amp and a lot
of resistors and capacitors that make up the R/C filter network, are located on the
rear of the module. A reverse protection diode protects the circuit from harm if the
power lines are unintentionally reversed.

The module is powered by a 3.3 to 5V DC source with a 4mA operational current.

https://lastminuteengineers.com/pulse-sensor-arduino-tutorial/

MAX30100 Pulse Oximetere

MAX30100 is a pulse oximeter and heart rate sensor that work together. There are
two LEDs, one red and one infrared, that emit two different wavelengths of light.
Then, a photodetector measures the amount of light that pulsed blood absorbs
through the photodetector. There is a good reason why this LED color combination is
good for reading data with the tip of one's finger. There are software registers that let
you change how it looks and how it works. The digital output data is stored in a 16-

24
 Chapter 3: Pre-Design

deep FIFO inside the device. A digital interface called I2C lets it talk to another
microcontroller.

Among the parts of the pulse oximetry subsystem in MAX30100 are ambient light
cancellation (ALC), 16-bit sigma delta ADC, and a unique discrete time filter. It runs
on very little power, which makes it great for battery-powered systems. MAX30100
can run on a power source between 1.8 and 3.3V. Is good for wearable devices,
fitness assistant devices, medical monitoring devices, and other things that need to
be kept an eye on. The MAX30100 can run on 1.8V and 3.3V power, and it can be
turned off through software with very little standby power, so the power supply can
stay connected at all times.

https://www.electronicscomp.com/max30100-pulse-oximeter-heart-rate-sensor-
module

MAX30205 Human body temperature

The QWIIC-compatible ProtoCentral MAX30205 breakout board is a wearable

human body temperature sensor that reads with an accuracy of +/-0.1°C. This is a
digital I2C-based sensor, so an ADC would not be required to read this sensor.

In addition, this version of the board is round and designed to be directly wearable by
exposing an aluminum surface. The alumnium-base PCB helps with easy thermal
conduction to make sure most of the heat gets transferred to the sensor, resulting in

25
 Chapter 3: Pre-Design

more accurate readings. The top side of this PCB is encapsulated in clear epoxy resin
to make it waterproof.

Unlike our previous MAX30205 breakout board, what makes it more wearable and fit
for human body measurements is the use of a medical-grade biocompatible, flexible
cable that does not irritate the skin.

https://github.com/Protocentral/Protocentral_MAX30205/blob/master/docs/images/m
ax30205_brk_0.jpg

26
 Chapter 4: Conclusion

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

27
FURTHER WORK

28
APPROVED PROPOSAL

29
REFERENCES

30