Name: ENGR. RENESIY M.

NOVILLA, ECT Section: MSECE-O

Instructor: ENGR. ARNOLD PAGLIAWAN ID No: 2020190037

END CHAPTER QUESTIONS – CHAPTER 1

1. What is research?
Answer:

Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to solve

problems. It involves a fixed approach to investigating a topic, idea, or phenomenon,
using different kinds of methods and techniques.

2. Discuss the importance of research.

Answer:

Research is an important aspect of our everyday lives as helps us explore new perception
uncover new knowledge, and gain a deeper understanding of the world surrounding us.
Its importance can be seen In various fields, particularly in science, medicine,
engineering, social sciences, and more. In short, research is important for us in terms of
advancing knowledge, informing policies and practice, solving problems, innovation and
economic growth as well as enhancing education in communities and without research
humanity would not be able to make progress and our understanding in this world will
be limited.

3. Enumerate the four frameworks of the research process. Discuss how these frameworks
are related to each other.
Answer:

The four frameworks involved in the research process are:

1. Conceptual Framework – this type of framework involves the development of the

research question or problem, reviewing existing literature, and spotting some
relevant theories that can guide the research.
2. Research Design Framework – this type of framework involves the development of a
plan for starting research, including the selection of the methods that will be used,
picking up random sample or participants, designing of data collection tools and
finally, developing a plan for the analysis of the gathered data.
3. Data Collection Framework – this type of framework involves the collection of data
according to the plan developed in the research design framework. Data collection
involves different types of methods such as surveys, interviews, observations,
experiments, and secondary data analysis.
 4. Data Analysis Framework – this type of framework involves the analyzation of data
collected in the previous framework, using the proper statistical or qualitative
methods to draw conclusions from a collected data. This framework helps to identify
patterns, trends, relationships and insights from the collected data.

These four frameworks are interrelated and interdependent. The conceptual

framework provides the theoretical foundation for the research design, which, in
turn, guides the data collection and analysis. The collected data is analyzed based on
the research design, and its results are used to test the theories and concepts
identified in the conceptual framework. Therefore, the research process is iterative in
nature, because each framework is helping each other in leading the refinements
and adjustments as the research progresses. So, by following these frameworks, the
researchers can conduct a thorough and systematic investigation, leading to valid
and reliable results.

4. Discuss the importance of having a literature review in the conduct of research.

Answer:

A literature review is an essential part of the research process that involves reviewing
and analyzing existing literature related to the research question or problem. Its
importance in research can be listed as follows. First, it identifies gaps and research
opportunities. Second, it establishes theoretical and conceptual frameworks. Third, it
develops a research question and hypotheses. Fourth, it determines the proper research
methods. Fifth, it avoids duplication of effort and lastly, it evaluates the quality of
existing research. In short, researchers can ensure that their study is grounded in existing
knowledge and that they are contributing to the field’s advancement by conducting a
thorough literature review.

5. Discuss how the research process starts.

Answer:

The research process actually begins with identifying a research problem or question
that the researcher wishes to investigate. This kind of process involves the examining of
existing literature, conducting a preliminary investigation, or discussing with experts in
the field. Once the problem is identified, the researcher needs to formulate a clear
research question that is specific, relevant, and feasible to investigate.

6. Discuss the importance of ethics in the conduct of research.

Answer:

Ethics in research is important in order to ensure the protection of human subjects

involved in the study, the integrity of research, the responsible conduct of research,
public trust in research, compliance with laws and regulations in regards to research and
to avoid conflicts of interest. So, by following the ethical principles and guidelines,
 researchers can be certain that their study is conducted with the highest standards of
professionalism and ethical conduct, contributing to the advancement of science and
knowledge while maintaining the highest standard of ethical conduct.

7. Enumerate and elaborate at least five ethical principles in conducting a research process.
Answer:

There are several ethical principles that researchers must follow when conducting
research process.

1. Respect for persons – This principle requires that the researchers must respect the
autonomy and dignity of the research participants. Researchers must obtain
informed consent from participants before they can participate and also discuss the
nature, risks and benefits of the research so the participants can withdraw from their
participation any time without penalty and finally, ensure the confidentiality of the
participants information.
2. Beneficence – This principle requires that researchers must ensure that their
research is conducted with the goal of benefiting the participants and the society
while mitigating risks. Researchers must also ensure that the potential benefits of the
research uphold the potential risks and that the participants must not be exposed to
unnecessary risks.
3. Non-maleficence – This principle requires that the researchers do no harm to their
participants. Researchers must ensure that the research is conducted in a manner
that minimizes the potential risks and harms to a participant. They must also ensure
that the research does not result in physical or physiological harm to its participants.
4. Justice – This principle requires that the researchers ensure that the benefits and
burdens of the research is distributed equally among participants. Researchers must
ensure that the participants are selected based on relevant criteria and that the
benefits of research are shared equitably among participants.
5. Integrity – This principle requires that the researchers conduct research with
honesty, transparency and accuracy. Researchers must ensure that the collected data
and the reported data are accurate and reliable, and that they do not engage in
plagiarism, fabrication, or falsification of data.

So, by following these principles, the researchers can conduct research that is ethical,
responsible, and trustworthy, contributing to the advancement of knowledge while
ensuring the protection of their participants from potential risks and respecting their
rights and dignity.
8. When can a project be deemed viable?
Answer:

A project can be deemed viable when it is feasible, profitable and sustainable and also
meets the following criteria. First, the project must be technically feasible. Second, there
should be a market demand for the project. Third, the project should be financially
feasible. Fourth, the project should have access to the necessary resources. Fifth, the
project risk should be identified assessed and managed effectively to ensure the projects
viability. And lastly, the project should be sustainable in terms of its impact on the
environment, society, and the economy. Therefore, a project can be deemed viable when
it meets these criteria and has a clear path to success.

9. What are the social-science paradigm and how do they differ from each other?
Answer:

Social science paradigms are broad theoretical frameworks used to understand and
explain social phenomena. There are several social science paradigms, each with its own
assumptions and approaches. Here are some social science paradigms and their key
differences:

1. Positivism – it is based on the idea that social phenomena can be studied using the
same scientific methods used to study natural phenomena. It emphasizes the use of
quantitative data and empirical observation to test hypotheses and theories.

2. Interpretivism - it emphasizes the subjective meanings and interpretations that

people give to social phenomena. It uses qualitative data and focuses on
understanding the meaning behind social phenomena rather than simply measuring
them.

3. Critical theory – it emphasizes the role of power and inequality in society. It seeks to
uncover and challenge the dominant social and economic structures that perpetuate
oppression and injustice.

4. Structural-functionalism – it emphasizes the interdependence of different parts of

society and how they work together to maintain social stability and order.

5. Social constructionism – it emphasizes the role of language, symbols, and culture in

shaping social reality. It suggests that social phenomena are not objective or fixed,
but are instead created and maintained through social processes.

In general, social science paradigms differ in their assumptions, methodologies, and

goals. While some paradigms highlight the use of quantitative data and empirical
observation, others dwell on the importance of qualitative data and interpretation.
 Likewise, some paradigms focus on maintaining social stability and order, while some
seek to challenge and transform dominant structures of power and inequality.

10. Discuss the relevance and value of research and give an example to prove your answer.
Answer:

Research is important in many fields because it provides a systematic and rigorous

approach to understanding and addressing complex problems. It can help to answer
questions, solve problems, and inform decision-making. One example of the value of
research is the development of the COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccine was developed based
on years of scientific research on the immune system and how viruses work. Researchers
conducted clinical trials to test the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine before it was
approved for use. The vaccine has since been shown to be highly effective at preventing
COVID-19 and has helped to slow the spread of the virus worldwide. Without the
research that went into its development, the vaccine would not have been possible, and
the global response to the pandemic would have been much less effective.
Name: ENGR. RENESIY M. NOVILLA, ECT Section: MSECE-O
Instructor: ENGR. ARNOLD PAGLIAWAN ID No: 2020190037

END CHAPTER QUESTIONS – CHAPTER 2

1. Enumerate and explain the five fundamental key abilities that a researcher should
possess in making research.
Answer:

As a researcher, it is essential to possess certain key abilities that enable one to conduct
a successful and impactful research study. The following are five fundamental key
abilities that a researcher should possess in making research:

1. Critical thinking - Critical thinking is a crucial ability that enables a researcher to

analyze and evaluate information and ideas to develop insightful conclusions. Critical
thinking involves questioning assumptions, identifying biases, evaluating evidence,
and considering alternative perspectives.

2. Problem-solving - Research often involves addressing complex problems and

developing creative solutions. The ability to approach a problem systematically,
break it down into smaller parts, and develop effective solutions is essential for
successful research.

3. Communication skills - Effective communication skills are vital for researchers to

share their findings with other researchers, stakeholders, and the general public.
Researchers must be able to write clearly and concisely, present complex information
in a clear and understandable manner, and engage in productive discussions.

4. Time management - Conducting research involves managing multiple tasks, such as

data collection, analysis, and writing. Effective time management skills are essential
for researchers to meet deadlines, prioritize tasks, and balance multiple
responsibilities.

5. Ethical conduct - Research must be conducted in an ethical manner, ensuring that

participants' rights are protected, and research findings are accurate and reliable.
Researchers must possess a thorough understanding of ethical principles and
guidelines and ensure that their research is conducted with integrity and honesty.

In conclusion, possessing these fundamental key abilities is crucial for researchers to

conduct successful research studies that make a significant impact in their respective
fields.
2. In making research, you should consider the researchability of your target study. How
can you find your research as a viable one?
Answer:

To ensure that a research study is viable, the researcher should consider the following.
First, it should be relevant to the field of study and address a significant problem or gap
in knowledge. Second, it should be feasible in terms of resources, time, and access to
data. Third, it should contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field by
providing new insights or approaches. Fourth, it should have significance and potential
impact on the field, society, or policy. And lastly, it should be ethical and comply with
ethical principles and guidelines. The researcher should ensure that the study is
conducted in a manner that protects the participants' rights and privacy.

To determine the researchability of a target study, the researcher should conduct a

thorough literature review to identify gaps in knowledge and existing research studies.
The researcher can also consult with peers, mentors, or experts in the field to obtain
feedback on the research question and design. Additionally, the researcher can assess
the feasibility of the study by evaluating the availability of resources, access to data, and
time constraints. Finally, the researcher should consider the ethical implications of the
study and ensure that it adheres to ethical principles and guidelines.

3. What should a research statement be consisting of?

Answer:

A research statement is a document that outlines a researcher's current and future

research goals, interests, and accomplishments. It should be concise and well-organized,
providing a clear and compelling summary of the researcher's research objectives and
approach. A research statement should include the following elements:

1. Introduction - Begin with a brief introduction that provides an overview of the

research statement and explains the researcher's motivation for conducting research
in their field.

2. Research Interests - Identify the primary research interests of the researcher and
explain why these topics are important. Describe any specific research questions that
the researcher is interested in addressing.

3. Research Accomplishments - Highlight any notable research accomplishments the

researcher has achieved, including publications, grants, or awards. Discuss the
impact of these accomplishments on the field.

4. Research Plan - Outline the research plan, including the research questions,
methods, and data analysis techniques that the researcher plans to use. Provide a
 timeline for the research and explain how the research aligns with the researcher's
interests and goals.

5. Significance - Discuss the significance of the proposed research, including how it will
contribute to the field, society, or policy. Explain how the research findings can be
applied to improve practices, policies, or services.

6. Conclusion - Conclude with a brief summary of the research statement and its
significance. Restate the primary research questions and goals and explain how the
proposed research will advance knowledge in the field.

In summary, a research statement should be a clear and concise document that provides
an overview of the researcher's research interests, accomplishments, and future plans. It
should clearly articulate the research questions, methods, and significance of the
proposed research and demonstrate the researcher's expertise and qualifications in the
field.

4. Explain the difference between research aims and research objectives and how it will
help you in the process of a research study?
Answer:

Research aims and research objectives are two essential components of a research study
that define the purpose and direction of the research. While both aim and objective are
related to what you want to achieve in your research, they differ in their level of
specificity and focus.

Research aims are broad statements that describe the overall purpose of the research
study. They provide a general idea of what the researcher wants to accomplish through
the study, and they often reflect the research questions or hypotheses. Research aims are
usually expressed in a single sentence and can be general in nature, for example, to
explore the impact of social media on young people's mental health.

Research objectives, on the other hand, are more specific statements that describe the
steps that the researcher needs to take to achieve the research aim. They are usually
expressed as a set of precise and measurable actions that the researcher needs to
complete to reach the research aim. Research objectives help to break down the
research aim into smaller, manageable components, and help to ensure that the
research is focused and structured.

In summary, having clear research aims and objectives helps the researcher to stay
focused on the purpose of the study and ensures that the research is systematic and
well-structured. It also makes it easier to evaluate the success of the research and to
communicate the results to others.
5. How will the literature help the researchers in the study?
Answer:

Literature plays a critical role in the research process as it provides a foundation of

knowledge upon which researchers build their studies. A thorough review of the
literature relevant to a research topic is an essential step in the research process and can
help researchers in the following ways:

1. Identify research gaps - Reviewing the existing literature can help researchers
identify areas where research has not been conducted or where the research is
insufficient. This can help researchers determine the significance of their research
and design their study to fill these gaps.

2. Develop research questions and hypotheses - A review of the literature can help
researchers formulate research questions and hypotheses that are relevant and
informed by previous research in the field.

3. Develop a theoretical framework - Literature can help researchers develop a

theoretical framework that provides a conceptual basis for the research study. The
theoretical framework can help guide the research design and analysis.

4. Choose appropriate research methods - Literature can help researchers choose

appropriate research methods by providing information on the strengths and
limitations of different research designs and methods.

5. Interpret results - Literature can help researchers interpret the results of their study
by providing a context for their findings and comparing their results to previous
research in the field.

6. Establish credibility - A thorough literature review demonstrates that the researcher

is familiar with the existing research in the field, which can help establish the
credibility of the study.

Overall, a literature review is an essential component of the research process that can
help researchers design a study that is relevant, rigorous, and contributes to the existing
body of knowledge in the field.

6. What are the aspects that research should take into consideration in searching related
literature to their study?
Answer:

When conducting a literature search for a research study, researchers should take into
consideration the following aspects:
 1. Relevance - Researchers should search for literature that is relevant to their research
question or topic. They should identify keywords and search terms that accurately
reflect the focus of their study.

2. Scope - Researchers should determine the scope of their literature search, including
the timeframe of the studies to be included, the geographical area, and the types of
sources to be considered.

3. Quality - Researchers should evaluate the quality of the literature they review. They
should consider factors such as the credibility of the author, the quality of the
research methods, the rigor of the study design, and the reliability and validity of the
data.

4. Currency - Researchers should prioritize recent literature to ensure that they are up
to date with the latest research in their field. However, they should also consider
seminal works and foundational research in their review.

5. Diversity - Researchers should ensure that they consider literature from diverse
perspectives, including different theoretical approaches, methodological approaches,
and cultural backgrounds.

6. Access - Researchers should consider the accessibility of the literature they are
reviewing, including the availability of full-text articles and the accessibility of
databases and other sources.

7. Ethical considerations - Researchers should consider ethical issues related to their

literature search, such as plagiarism and the use of human subjects in research.

By taking these aspects into consideration, researchers can conduct a comprehensive

and rigorous literature search that is relevant, reliable, and up to date, which can help
them to build a strong foundation for their research study.

7. Why is it important to know different approaches in research?

Answer:

It is important to know different approaches in research because different research

approaches have different strengths and weaknesses, and are appropriate for different
research questions and contexts. By understanding the different approaches in research,
researchers can choose the most appropriate approach for their research question and
design their study accordingly.
8. What is plagiarism?
Answer:

Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work, ideas, words, or expressions without
giving proper credit or attribution to the original author. It is a form of academic
dishonesty and a violation of intellectual property rights. Plagiarism can take different
forms, such as, copying and pasting text from a source without quotation marks and
proper citation, paraphrasing someone else's work without giving proper credit, using
images, graphs, or other visual aids without proper attribution and submitting someone
else's work as one's own. It can occur intentionally or unintentionally, but in either case,
it is considered a serious offense in academic and professional settings. It undermines
the principles of originality and integrity, and it can have serious consequences, including
legal action, academic sanctions, damage to one's reputation, and loss of credibility. To
avoid plagiarism, it is important to properly cite sources and give credit to the original
author for any ideas, information, or materials used in a research study or academic
paper.

9. Why it is important to compile references in the bibliography?

Answer:

Compiling references in the bibliography is important for several reasons:

1. Credibility - Including a bibliography in a research study or academic paper enhances

the credibility of the work. It demonstrates that the author has conducted a
thorough review of the literature and used credible sources to support their
arguments and claims.

2. Replication - By including a bibliography, researchers provide a roadmap for others

who may want to replicate or build upon their research. This allows others to
evaluate the validity and reliability of the research, and to build upon it to advance
the field.

3. Acknowledgment - A bibliography provides a means to acknowledge the

contributions of other researchers and authors to the field. It also helps to avoid
plagiarism by clearly identifying the sources of information that have been used in
the research.

4. Access - A bibliography provides a list of resources for readers who may be

interested in learning more about the topic. This can help to broaden the impact of
the research by making it more accessible to a wider audience.

5. Compliance - Including a bibliography is often a requirement of academic and

professional standards for research and writing. Failure to include a bibliography can
result in accusations of plagiarism, and can damage the credibility of the research.
 Overall, compiling references in the bibliography is an important aspect of academic and
professional research. It enhances the credibility of the work, acknowledges the
contributions of other researchers and authors, and provides a roadmap for others to
build upon the research.

10. What are the uses of appendices?

Answer:

Appendices are supplementary materials that are included at the end of a research
study or academic paper. The uses of appendices can vary depending on the nature of
the research and the requirements of the intended audience. Here are some common
uses of appendices:

1. Additional data or information - Appendices can be used to present additional data,

information, or details that are relevant to the research but are not essential to the
main text. This can include tables, charts, graphs, images, or other materials that
provide more detail or context to the research.

2. Methodological details - Appendices can be used to provide additional details about

the research methods or procedures that were used in the study. This can include
survey questionnaires, interview guides, or other research instruments that were
used to collect data.

3. Sample materials - Appendices can be used to provide examples of materials that

were used in the study, such as sample survey responses, interview transcripts, or
coding schemes.

4. Technical information - Appendices can be used to provide technical information

that is relevant to the research but may not be of interest or understandable to all
readers. This can include detailed mathematical proofs or computer code.

5. Legal or ethical documents - Appendices can be used to provide legal or ethical

documents that are relevant to the research, such as informed consent forms or
institutional review board (IRB) approvals.