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9. According to Bandura, modeling refers to watching and imitating another person's
behavior.
A) True
B) False
11. Bowlby's attachment theory emphasizes the importance of the parent/child relationship
in early childhood.
A) True
B) False
12. Bowlby embraced the importance of nurture but rejected the importance of nature.
A) True
B) False
15. Piaget was interested in charting how the amount that children know gradually
increases.
A) True
B) False
16. Developmental systems theorists stress that many different forces shape behavior.
A) True
B) False
Page 2
17. Developmentalists conduct research to find out the scientific “truth.”
A) True
B) False
Page 3
Answer Key
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. A
11. A
12. B
13. A
14. B
15. B
16. A
17. A
18. B
19. B
20. B
21. A
Page 4
1. Gerontologists study:
A) evolution.
B) genes.
C) diseases of the ancient world.
D) aging.
3. Researchers increased the study of which life stage during the final third of the twentieth
century?
A) child development
B) adult development
C) adolescent development
D) prenatal development
Page 5
7. Which is a normative transition?
A) walking
B) divorce
C) sleeping in bed with a child
D) living through a recession
11. When Aracelly tells you that she is a millennial, Aracelly is referring to her _.
A) society
B) cohort
C) income
D) gender
12. Millennial, generation X, and baby boomer are terms that refer to a person's:
A) social class.
B) cohort.
C) society.
D) group of friends.
Page 6
13. Which person definitely is a baby boomer?
A) Cesar, who is 30
B) Callista, who is 65
C) Cami, who is 40
D) Corrine, who is 10
Page 7
19. A woman who says she is a baby boomer:
A) grew up during World War II.
B) grew up during the 1980s.
C) reached her teens during the late 1960s or 1970s.
D) reached her teens in the 1980s.
23. For people born in the nineteenth century, which of the following is true?
A) They would be far more likely to die during early childhood than today.
B) They would be far more likely to go to school than today.
C) They began their “adult life” at a far older age than today.
D) They skipped the developmental stage of adolescence.
Page 8
25. Carlos, in his twenties, is trying to decide on a career. Carlos is in the life stage called:
A) emerging adulthood.
B) wandering adulthood.
C) immaturity.
D) post adolescence.
28. The age to which people have a 50-50 chance of surviving is their .
A) ultimate life expectancy
B) average life-expectancy
C) statistical life span
D) predictable lifespan
Page 9
31. The twentieth-century life-expectancy revolution occurred when scientists were able to:
A) cure or prevent many infectious diseases.
B) slow the progress of many chronic diseases.
C) make inroads in curing heart disease.
D) allow people to live happier lives.
32. Which age group has benefited MOST from the disease-control advances that produced
the twentieth-century life-expectancy revolution related to pasteurized milk?
A) infants and children
B) adults in their thirties
C) midlife adults
D) elderly people
33. Deaths from heart disease are much more common today than a century ago because
people are:
A) living much longer.
B) not taking good care of their bodies.
C) working harder.
D) under more stress.
36. The main difference between the young-old and the old-old is:
A) health.
B) wisdom.
C) discrimination.
D) the climate in which they live.
Page 10
37. If Phillip is describing the young-old, he should say:
A) “They are far more likely to be healthy than the old-old.”
B) “They are in their fifties.”
C) “They were born during the Great Depression.”
D) “They clearly define themselves as senior citizens.”
38. If someone says, “My grandma is old-old,” which of the following is likely to be true?
A) She is in her eighties or older.
B) She is less likely to be frail.
C) She is not likely to live in a nursing home.
D) She is a recent grandparent.
39. Which of the following is a late-twentieth-century lifestyle change in the United States?
A) fewer divorces
B) men doing much more housework and childcare
C) women moving out of the workforce
D) more rigid ideas about how adults should behave
40. The main consequence of the lifestyle revolution of the 1960s is greater:
A) freedom in lifestyle choices.
B) happiness.
C) unhappiness.
D) obesity.
Page 11
43. Social media transformed U.S. lifestyles around the:
A) 1960s.
B) 1980s.
C) early years of the twenty-first century.
D) last 2 or 3 years.
45. A main cause of widening income inequalities in bedrock U.S. sectors of the economy
was:
A) the loss of U.S manufacturing jobs.
B) poor education.
C) racial stereotyping.
D) Amazon.
46. Which of the following is true of the top 1 percent of the U.S. population?
A) They became much richer during the early twentieth century.
B) They became much richer during the early twenty-first century.
C) They own almost 90 percent of our nation's wealth.
D) They own a decreasing fraction of our nation's wealth.
Page 12
49. Which famous person's life illustrates upward mobility?
A) President Abraham Lincoln was born in a mansion.
B) Oprah Winfrey was born to a disadvantaged single teenage mom.
C) . Eleanor Roosevelt married her cousin Franklin.
D) Jeff Bezos grew up in an upper-class family.
50. What question(s) would a person ask to BEST understand someone's socioeconomic
status?
A) “What is your education level?”
B) “What is your medical history?”
C) “What is your income?”
D) “What is your education level?” and “What is your income?”
52. “This country has a high median income and high life expectancy.” This statement
describes a(n):
A) primitive society.
B) developing world nation.
C) developed world nation.
D) individualistic society.
53. Mariah says, “Obedience to family comes first.” Obi says, “Honesty and independence
are my main values in life.” Compared to Obi's cultural worldview, Mariah's cultural
worldview is _.
A) narcissistic
B) caring
C) collectivist
D) individualistic
Page 13
55. In individualistic cultures, people tend to prioritize:
A) arranged marriages.
B) independence.
C) obedience.
D) suppressing feelings.
59. Ata has a collectivist worldview and Maya has an individualistic worldview. Which
statement is NOT a good prediction about Ata and Maya?
A) Ata values obedience more than Maya.
B) Maya values independence more than Ata.
C) Maya values self-assertion more than Ata.
D) Ata is more unhappy than Maya.
Page 14
61. As of 2018, which is the largest U.S. minority group?
A) Asian Americans
B) Latinos
C) Blacks
D) American Indians
62. Population projections in the United States suggest that in 2042 there will be many more
_.
A) Latinos
B) Whites
C) American Indians
D) African Americans
63. Each major ethnic minority group in the United States is:
A) very similar.
B) composed of people from a variety of countries, with different attitudes and
worldviews.
C) becoming more isolated.
D) growing dramatically as a fraction of the U.S. population.
64. In 2042 in the United States, people are apt to see which of the following changes?
A) fewer Latino adults B)
fewer old-old people C)
more ethnic minorities
D) more African Americans
Page 15
67. Which statement about the lifespan is MOST true?
A) Most people's lives are the same, no matter where in the world they live.
B) Throughout history, people's day-to-day lives have not changed much no matter
where they live.
C) Most ideas about proper behavior are universal.
D) The human lifespan varies dramatically depending on cohort, socioeconomic
status, cultural background, and gender.
68. If Dr. Im believes in a nurture explanation of development, she might make which
statement?
A) “Personality is inherited.”
B) “Gender differences in friendship styles are programmed at birth.”
C) “Good teachers can raise intelligence test scores in children from impoverished
homes.”
D) “People are destined to follow in their parents' footsteps.”
Page 16
73. If a traditional behaviorist notices that a nursing home resident's memory has seriously
declined, this developmentalist MOST likely would say that the resident:
A) is not being reinforced for remembering anything.
B) has developed Alzheimer's disease.
C) is being overmedicated.
D) is lonely and depressed.
75. Imagine that a couple visits a behavioral therapist for marital treatment. The
psychologist MOST likely would:
A) train the couple to increase the reinforcing comments they say to one another.
B) encourage each person to explore his or her inner motivations.
C) comment on early childhood experiences.
D) help the couple understand their unconscious motives.
76. A behaviorist is giving childrearing advice. Which tip is this person LEAST likely to
give?
A) “Ignore bad behavior (or don't reinforce it) by paying attention to a child.”
B) “Pay attention and reinforce a child for good behavior.”
C) “To encourage a child to persist at an activity, reinforce him every time he
performs that action.”
D) “To discipline a child, be consistent. Never give in because the child whines.”
77. Link statements (1), (2), and (3) to the correct behavioral terms.
(1) “Sometimes when I study, I get As and sometimes I don't. So I keep plugging
along.”
(2) “Even though I failed this test, I know I'm a terrific student. So I keep studying
because I have faith in myself.”
(3) “I watched my brother studying; that's how I learned to study hard.”
A) (1) = high self-efficacy; (2) = modeling; (3) = variable reinforcement schedule
B) (1) = variable reinforcement schedule; (2) = high self-efficacy; (3) = modeling
C) (1) = reinforcement; (2) = variable schedule; (3) = modeling
D) (1) = variable reinforcement schedule; (2) = modeling; (3) = high self-efficacy
Page 17
78. A cognitive behaviorist would likely make which of the following statements?
A) “I can't predict behavior by looking at a person's feelings of competence.”
B) “Human beings learn by doing.”
C) “Human beings learn only when they are given concrete rewards.”
D) “The best way to change behavior is to change people's thoughts.”
79. Jorge is an 8-year-old boy. According to social learning theory, which person would
Jorge be MOST likely to model?
A) Maria, a 4-year-old girl who lives down the street
B) Uncle Pedro, who is incredibly kind and involved with Jorge
C) Mr. Taylor, the principal at the high school in town
D) Spot, Jorge's dog
80. At age 72, Phyllis is very reluctant to go to the local senior center. A behaviorist might
make which statement?
A) “Phyllis is emotionally disturbed.”
B) “Phyllis is not being reinforced for attending the program.”
C) “Phyllis may have high efficacy feelings with regard to making new friends.”
D) “The senior center should develop less reinforcing activities for younger adults like
Phyllis.”
82. With regard to studying, link the examples to the following: (1) modeling and (2)
self-efficacy.
A) (1) “My best friend studies and makes good grades, so I am inspired to study.” (2)
“I know I can do well academically, so I study a lot.”
B) (1) “I know I can do well academically, so I study a lot.” (2) “My best friend
studies and makes good grades, so I am inspired to study.”
C) (1) “The last test I studied for I got an A, so I'll study for this one too.” (2) “I'm in
the habit of studying.”
D) (1) “I hate studying.”(2) “I love studying.”
Page 18
83. Joanna gets a C on her first test and then decides to work very hard because she believes
that with extra effort she can succeed in class. According to cognitive behaviorists,
Joanna has:
A) high self-efficacy.
B) good ego strength.
C) good genetics.
D) high self-esteem.
85. Daniel gets an A on his developmental psych test and Eva gets a C. Which conclusion is
one a behaviorist might make?
A) Eva may have low self-efficacy with regard to this class.
B) Daniel is more genetically gifted than Eva.
C) Eva may have been reinforced for doing well in school in the past.
D) Daniel may not have been reinforced for doing well in school in the past.
87. If a client visits a behaviorist for treatment that therapist would discuss , while if
she sees a psychoanalytic therapist that person would discuss .
A) early childhood experiences; the reinforcers shaping behavior
B) the reinforcers shaping the behavior; early childhood experiences
C) self-efficacy; the reinforcers shaping the behavior
D) the reinforcers shaping the behavior; self-efficacy
88. If a person visits a psychoanalytic therapist for treatment, that therapist MOST likely
would:
A) discuss early childhood experiences.
B) identify the reinforcers shaping the person's behavior.
C) give the person homework exercises to employ between sessions.
D) stimulate self-efficacy.
Page 19
89. If a couple goes to a psychoanalytically oriented mental health professional, this
therapist MOST likely would focus on:
A) increasing the positive comments spouses make.
B) understanding the unconscious motivations from childhood that are keeping the
spouses from relating well.
C) increasing marital efficacy feelings.
D) providing medications.
91. Yael has coped very well with serious life stresses. A psychoanalytic theorist would say
Yael's behavior shows:
A) high self-efficacy.
B) good ego strength.
C) positive motivation.
D) high self-esteem.
92. When Freud used the term “libido,” he was referring to:
A) sexual impulses driving behavior.
B) the goal of psychoanalytic treatment.
C) feelings of love for the therapist.
D) a transfer of unconscious impulses.
94. Baby Chiara is almost 1 year old. According to Freud, Chiara is in the stage.
A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) basic trust
Page 20
95. Both psychoanalytic theorists and attachment theorists believe:
A) early caregiving experiences determine adult mental health.
B) nurture is the only influence shaping human behavior.
C) reinforcers determine how people act.
D) genetics determines how people behave.
97. Dr. Schatzman is a fan of attachment theory. Which statement is he LEAST likely to
make?
A) “The way parents treat children during infancy determines adult mental health.”
B) “The attachment response is biologically programmed to come out when babies
start to walk.”
C) “People need to have a significant other during every stage of life.”
D) “It's unhealthy to get too attached to people.”
100. Dr. Chuang is an evolutionary psychologist. Which research paper is she MOST likely
to write?
A) “The effects of experimenter praise on participant accuracy in a card-selection
task”
B) “The impact of parental modeling on children's performance of household chores”
C) “Changes in efficacy feelings with age”
D) “Biologically built-in mate preferences among males versus females”
Page 21
101. Tanisha gets Cs and Ds in math while Freddie always gets As. In understanding these
differences, an evolutionary theorist would be interested in whether:
A) there are genetic variations between individuals in math abilities.
B) Freddie has been reinforced more than Tanisha for performing well in math.
C) math abilities are biologically built into being male.
D) math abilities can be increased by stimulating efficacy feelings.
102. Which is the main difference between an evolutionary psychologist and a behavioral
geneticist?
A) Evolutionary psychologists speculate about the genetic basis of traits that are
common to all human beings; behavioral geneticists conduct research on the
genetics of human differences.
B) Evolutionary psychologists conduct research on the genetics of human differences;
behavioral geneticists speculate about the genetic basis of traits that are common to
all human beings.
C) Evolutionary psychologists focus on nature; behavioral geneticists believe mainly
in nurture.
D) Evolutionary psychologists believe mainly in nurture; behavioral geneticists focus
on nature.
103. The term “dizygotic” refers to fraternal twins, while “monozygotic” twins are _.
A) identical
B) unrelated
C) fraternal
D) individuated
104. The women in a math class tend to do worse than the men. A behavioral genetic
researcher would be interested in exploring:
A) to what degree these individual differences are genetic.
B) whether teachers reinforce males more for performing well in math.
C) whether math abilities are biologically built into being male.
D) whether males have higher math self-efficacy than females.
105. The women in Andre's math class tend to do worse than the men. An evolutionary
theorist would MOST likely be interested in exploring:
A) to what degree these individual differences are genetic.
B) whether teachers reinforce males more for performing well in math.
C) whether math abilities are biologically built into being male.
D) whether males have higher math self-efficacy than females.
Page 22
106. If someone says that the heritability of a trait is high, that trait is:
A) mainly genetically determined.
B) mainly environmentally determined.
C) two-thirds heredity and one-third environment.
D) 25 percent environmental and 75 percent genetic.
108. If the heritability of an intelligence quotient (IQ) score is 0.75, people should conclude
that:
A) three-fourths of IQ scores are genetic.
B) IQ scores are about the same wherever a person lives.
C) IQ scores are mainly genetically determined.
D) IQ scores are mainly due to upbringing.
109. Dr. Patel is a behavioral geneticist. He would be LEAST likely to conduct a study that
compares:
A) identical twins and fraternal twins' test scores on risk taking.
B) adopted children's personalities to the personalities of their biological parents.
C) childrearing practices in India and the United States.
D) pairs of identical twins raised apart and reunited in adulthood.
110. According to the Swedish twin adoption study, is the most heritable ability.
A) sexual orientation
B) general intelligence
C) mechanical ability
D) political affiliation
111. When Dr. Hernandez compares happiness in a sample of fraternal and identical twins,
she finds fraternal twins' scores on this trait differ a great deal, while identical twins'
scores are virtually “the same.” Dr. Hernandez would conclude that happiness is:
A) mainly genetic.
B) mainly environmental.
C) due to our upbringing.
D) greater for identical twins than fraternal twins.
Page 23
112. Which of the following is a twin/adoption study?
A) A researcher compares the personalities of identical twins separated at birth,
adopted into different families and reunited as adults.
B) A researcher compares an adopted child's personality with the personalities of her
biological and adoptive parents.
C) A researcher adopts a child who is a twin.
D) A researcher gives birth to twins and gives them up for adoption.
113. When researchers conducted twin and adoption studies, they discovered that:
A) genetics was surprisingly influential in shaping a variety of behaviors.
B) the environment was surprisingly influential in shaping a variety of behaviors.
C) most traits were 50 percent genetic and 50 percent environmental.
D) most traits were 75 percent genetic and 25 percent environmental.
115. Rosario is adopted as an infant and then meets his biological parents. Generalizing from
the behavioral genetic findings, Rosario is apt to be more like:
A) his adoptive parents.
B) his biological parents.
C) his adoptive mother and biological father.
D) both his adoptive and biological parents equally.
Page 24
117. Jocasta put on plays for the neighborhood children in elementary school. She gravitated
to drama in high school, majored in theater in college, and is now starring on Broadway.
This BEST illustrates the behavioral genetic process called forces.
A) evocative
B) bidirectional
C) evolutionary
D) active
121. Ralph's grandmother was born in 1925. Ralph was born in 1990. If both Ralph and his
grandmother took the intelligence quotient (IQ) test, who would MOST likely get more
items correct?
A) Ralph would get more items correct.
B) Ralph's grandmother would get more items correct.
C) No one can make any predictions.
D) Both would get the same number of items correct since they are from the same
family.
Page 25
122. The main message of the text's heredity environment discussion is that:
A) people need the right environment to fully express their inborn talents.
B) people can overcome every obstacle if they try hard.
C) people can do anything if given the right environment.
D) our life fate lies totally in our genes.
124. What is the chapter's take-away message with regard to nature and nurture?
A) People are most likely to be successful when the environment fits their genetic
strengths.
B) As genetics is so important, changing the environment doesn't often work.
C) It's easy to separate out what is genetic from what is environmental.
D) Children around the world have a good chance of expressing their genetic gifts.
126. Which is the BEST conclusion about the impact of nature and nurture on development?
A) Genetics totally determines how people's lives turn out.
B) Parents totally determine how children's lives turn out.
C) An adult should push children into unfamiliar environments to expand the child's
potential.
D) Adults need to pick environments that bring out children's inborn genetic talents.
Page 26
127. Which example illustrates an epigenetic effect?
A) A baby who is born premature is at risk of having learning problems during life. B)
A child whose mother has learning problems has these same problems in school. C) A
toddler who comes from a poor family is at risk of having learning problems in
school.
D) An elementary school girl whose siblings have learning problems is at risk of
having these same difficulties.
128. A researcher interested in epigenetics would MOST likely study the impact of:
A) events in utero on behavior throughout life.
B) breast feeding on infant weight gain.
C) reading to children in elementary school grades.
D) closeness with adult children on older people's well-being.
129. Baby Clara is almost 1 year old. According to Erikson, her life task is .
A) basic trust
B) initiative
C) integrity
D) autonomy
Page 27
132. For Erikson, each life stage is characterized by a particular:
A) sociocentric challenge.
B) cultural role.
C) psychosocial task.
D) prosocial quest.
134. Which BEST illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation with regard to this course?
A) Jonas realizes that his previous way of classifying minority groups masks huge
differences in cultures.
B) Lydia realizes that she already knows most of the material in this class.
C) Ines realizes that she is not on the same wavelength as the textbook's author.
D) Hiro realizes that his progressive world view is correct.
Page 28
138. Bronfenbrenner believed all of these influences affect children's behavior EXCEPT:
A) family relationships.
B) the school system.
C) culture.
D) climate.
139. Which statement would an ecological developmental systems theorist MOST likely
make?
A) “Human behavior is shaped by complex forces.”
B) “Experts need to do research in the laboratory, where they can isolate single
variables.”
C) “Biology and culture are completely separate.”
D) “It's important to believe in a single theory.”
140. Which research collaboration BEST illustrates the developmental systems perspective?
A) Behaviorists work together to formulate a treatment plan for autism spectrum
disorder.
B) Psychoanalytic therapists work together to help depressed adolescents.
C) A geneticist, a psychologist, and a sociologist work together to understand the
complex causes of school phobia in children.
D) A school district hires Piagetian educators to work together to overhaul its
curriculum.
141. When researchers explore the relationship between students' grades and their current
happiness, they are conducting a:
A) correlational study.
B) true experiment.
C) cross-sectional study.
D) longitudinal study.
142. Dr. Hardy is studying the correlation between physical exercise and health in old age.
Which is the BEST representative sample?
A) elderly marathon runners
B) elderly people who just had hip replacements
C) a random group of elderly people
D) people over age 65 who work out regularly
Page 29
143. If a researcher goes to a playground and records the frequency of aggressive acts among
a sample of first graders, this person is employing the measurement technique
called_ .
A) self-report
B) expert assessment
C) naturalistic observation
D) experimental manipulation
144. If Rory gives parents a questionnaire to determine their child-rearing skills, he is using
_.
A) self-reports
B) naturalistic observation
C) ability tests
D) qualitative research
145. The measurement technique that involves watching people's behavior is called _.
A) naturalistic observation
B) self-reports
C) observer evaluations
D) ability tests
146. A psychology professor wants to measure “parent aggressiveness.” Which is the BEST
strategy?
A) Visit each home and chart how often parents hit their children.
B) Develop a questionnaire asking parents, “How often do you hit your children?”
C) Go down the street and ask neighbors, “Does this parent hit the children a lot?”
D) No approach is ideal, because each has its own problems and biases.
147. Choose the correct name for each measurement technique: (1) watching people and
coding their behavior; (2) giving questionnaires to a group.
A) (1) self-report; (2) naturalistic observation
B) (1) naturalistic observation; (2) self-report
C) (1) correlation; (2) experiment
D) (1) experiment; (2) correlation
Page 30
148. Which developmental scientist is using naturalistic observation?
A) A researcher visits each fourth-grade class and rates its teachers on a scale from 1
to 10.
B) A researcher gives fourth-graders a questionnaire asking them to rate their teachers
on a scale from 1 to 10.
C) A researcher asks a principal to rate the teachers in his fourth-grade classes on a
scale from 1 to 10.
D) A researcher asks parents to rate their child's fourth-grade teacher on a scale from 1
to 10.
150. Before taking this class, a student visits the “Rate My Professors” website to read
comments about the professor. The student should:
A) be confident that these responses are based on a representative sample.
B) be cautious, as these responses involve a nonrepresentative sample.
C) be confident that these responses are completely unbiased.
D) conclude that these responses are completely useless.
152. If Tikana explores the relationship between college students' height and happiness, and
finds that taller students are happier, she can conclude:
A) being tall causes people to be happy.
B) not much, because there may be many reasons to explain this association.
C) being happy causes people to grow taller, because they are less stressed.
D) happiness cannot be measured.
Page 31
153. Which research question MUST be tested by using a correlational strategy?
A) Do parents who frequently hit their children have more aggressive children?
B) Does reinforcement promote learning?
C) Do children with autism spectrum disorders respond best to a certain medication?
D) Does providing snacks help children focus better on a laboratory task?
156. To measure whether older people are calmer than younger people, a researcher gives
20-year-olds, 40-year-olds, and 60-year-olds a questionnaire. This research technique is
called a(n):
A) experiment.
B) longitudinal study.
C) cross-sectional study.
D) correlational study.
157. To find out if older people are wiser than younger people, Samantha gives 20-year-olds,
40-year-olds, and 60-year-olds a “wisdom” test. If Samantha finds that, on average,
wisdom scores increase in each older group, what should she conclude?
A) As people get older, they get wiser.
B) Older cohorts are wiser, but it is unclear if wisdom increases with age.
C) Nothing. It's a lousy study because it is not constructed well.
D) As people get older, it takes them more time to answer test questions.
Page 32
158. A friend wants to explore age differences in happiness for her Ph.D. thesis. She should
MOST likely conduct a:
A) cross-sectional study, because it will allow her to find out which people get happier
over time.
B) cross-sectional study, because it will demand less time than other types of studies.
C) longitudinal study, because it will be more accurate than other types of studies.
D) longitudinal study, because it is easier to carry out than other types of studies.
159. In a cross-sectional study, a researcher finds that people in their fifties and sixties are
happier than are college students. Which is the BEST conclusion from this study?
A) As people get older, they get happier.
B) Older people are happier because they grew up in more intact families.
C) Everyone gets happier as they age.
D) Today's older people are happier than college students.
160. A friend is arguing that longitudinal research is the best way to study development.
Which statement should this person NOT make?
A) “These studies alone can reveal information about individual differences.”
B) “These studies alone can show how people really change over time.”
C) “These studies alone can reveal how early experiences relate to later behaviors.”
D) “These studies are relatively easy to carry out.”
161. Which of the following is a difficulty with conducting longitudinal research with adults?
A) These studies are expensive and take years (or decades) to complete.
B) These studies require a small sample because people drop out over time.
C) These studies don't show how individual people change over time.
D) These studies provide information about how average people age and develop.
Page 33
164. Which person is conducting a longitudinal study of divorce?
A) Cynthia interviews five people about how their divorce emotionally affected them
over an extended period of time.
B) Alek gives a group of divorced people standard measures of mental health.
C) Katya tracks the impact of divorce on disease rates.
D) Yuri looks at the frequency of divorces today compared to 10 years ago.
Page 34
Answer Key
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. B
14. B
15. A
16. B
17. A
18. A
19. C
20. A
21. C
22. A
23. A
24. C
25. A
26. A
27. A
28. B
29. A
30. A
31. A
32. A
33. A
34. A
35. C
36. A
37. A
38. A
39. B
40. A
41. D
42. A
43. C
44. D
Page 35
45. A
46. B
47. A
48. A
49. B
50. D
51. D
52. C
53. D
54. B
55. B
56. D
57. A
58. C
59. D
60. D
61. B
62. A
63. B
64. C
65. B
66. C
67. D
68. C
69. A
70. B
71. A
72. A
73. A
74. B
75. A
76. C
77. B
78. D
79. B
80. B
81. C
82. A
83. A
84. D
85. A
86. B
87. B
88. A
89. B
90. A
Page 36
91. B
92. A
93. B
94. A
95. A
96. D
97. D
98. A
99. A
100. D
101. C
102. A
103. A
104. A
105. C
106. A
107. B
108. C
109. C
110. B
111. A
112. A
113. A
114. D
115. B
116. D
117. D
118. A
119. B
120. A
121. A
122. A
123. A
124. A
125. A
126. D
127. A
128. A
129. A
130. D
131. A
132. C
133. C
134. A
135. A
136. A
Page 37
137. D
138. D
139. A
140. C
141. A
142. C
143. C
144. A
145. A
146. D
147. B
148. A
149. C
150. B
151. C
152. B
153. A
154. C
155. A
156. C
157. B
158. B
159. D
160. D
161. A
162. B
163. A
164. A
165. D
166. D
Page 38
1. The scientific study of aging is called .
3. If Janet is a baby boomer and Jamila is a millennial, then Janet and Jamila are members
of different _.
4. is the term that refers to advancing or rising in education, income, and social
status compared to our parents.
6. The developmental science term for inherited or genetic forces that shape behavior is
_.
9. In cognitive behavioral terms, a person who has low will be less likely to accept a
challenging task than a counterpart.
10. Freud referred to the rational part of personality that allows us to successfully function
in life as our _.
11. According to John Bowlby, children's early experiences with shape their ability
to love.
Page 39
13. The field that explores the biological or genetic contribution to human differences is
called .
14. We shape our environment to go along with our genetic propensities in two different
ways. These principles are called and forces.
15. For Erikson, each life stage involves a particular developmental challenge, or _.
16. According to Piaget, we shape the environment to who we are by and in the
process we change to fit the environment by .
17. A researcher who looks at many different influences on behavior advocates the
perspective.
18. The disadvantage of correlational studies is that they do not allow a researcher to
determine .
19. In a(n) , the researcher assigns groups to different treatments and looks at the
results.
21. The volunteers who remain in a longitudinal study for years tend to be a(n)
group, much better than average.
22. When researchers use personal interviews (versus statistics) to understand behavior,
these scientists are conducting _.
Page 40
Answer Key
1. gerontology
2. non-normative transitions
3. cohorts
4. Upward mobility
5. individualistic
6. nature
7. Stage
8. reinforcement
9. self-efficacy
10. ego
11. caregivers
12. biological (or “inborn”)
13. behavioral genetics
14. active; evocative
15. psychosocial task
16. assimilation; accommodation
17. ecological developmental systems
18. what causes what (or “cause and effect")
19. experiment
20. over time (or over years)
21. elite (or “select”; “special”; or other synonym of “elite”)
22. qualitative research
Page 41
1. List three normative and three non-normative influences in your life.
2. Estimate the amount of time you spend on social media during a typical week. Then, as
a thought experiment, imagine your Internet goes on the fritz, and you are forced to
spend time on other activities. What specifically would you choose to do? Do you think
social media sites are a negative or a positive influence in your life?
4. Joey and Cyril are born on the same day, but Joey lives in Canada and Cyril was born
and is growing up in Haiti. Statistically speaking, what differences between Joey and
Cyril might you predict as they travel through life?
5. Explain how you might teach table manners to a 4-year-old, using operant conditioning.
6. Brandi, a college sophomore, seeks help from the counseling center for her extreme
shyness, and is offered a choice of treatments. She can have sessions with a behavioral
therapist, work with a psychoanalyst, or get therapy from a person who follows the
developmental systems perspective. Explain in a sentence how each treatment would
differ from the others.
8. Spell out the main similarity and the main difference between John Bowlby's attachment
theory and traditional psychoanalytic theory.
9. A psychologist wants to determine the heritability (or genetic contribution) to being shy.
Describe how the psychologist might design this study. What findings would suggest
that shyness is highly genetic?
Page 42
10. Give an example each of evocative and active genetic/environment forces and how they
have shaped the person you are. Then give an example of either an optimum or poor
person-environment fit that you have experienced this semester.
12. Explain Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation and give a concrete
example of those processes.
14. Melissa and Ramon want to conduct a study to determine if exercise promotes health.
Melissa plans to test this question using a correlational approach, while Ramon decides
to conduct an experiment. Describe what each student's research might look like and
discuss the respective pluses and minuses of each plan.
15. After researchers conduct a cross-sectional study, they find that older people are happier
than younger people. How should these developmentalists interpret this finding?
17. Take a specific concept, term, or theory in this chapter and discuss how it applies to
your own life.
Page 43
Answer Key
1. Here, while answers will vary, normative influences would center on predictable
culturally and biologically shared events, such as going to kindergarten, reaching
puberty, having children, dying, and so forth. In cataloguing non-normative influences,
students should refer to any major unexpected event in their lives.
2. Here the answers are up to the student, but positive social media influences might
include the ability to keep in touch with a wide array of people, more feelings of support
and connectedness, and so on. Negative influences might involve feeling compelled to
spend too much time “relating,” robbing the person of time to devote to more productive
pursuits.
3. Cell phones and texting instituted what one expert has labeled our twenty-first century
“culture of connectivity,” by tethering us to our significant others every moment of the
day. Then advances in technology, specifically the Internet, accelerated this trend by
allowing us to interact 24/7 with strangers around the globe. In particular, Web 2.0
fostered the development of social networking sites that permit us to broadcast every
feeling to an expanding array of “friends.”
4. Cyril would be far more likely to die during childhood than Joey. Joey would also live
longer, be far more well-educated, and much more affluent.
5. Answers will center on reinforcing the child for sitting still, using a fork, saying, “Please
pass the peas,” and so on, as well as ignoring the child when he or she shows
inappropriate behavior. Time out also may be used when the child misbehaves.
6. The behaviorist might focus on getting Brandi in positively reinforcing social situations
to try to extinguish her shyness. The psychoanalyst would encourage Brandi to talk
about her early life experiences and get insight into the unconscious roots of her
shyness. A developmental systems proponent would attack the problem on several
fronts: trying out medications and different types of therapy; exploring how everything
from cultural and family values to genetic predispositions might be causing Brandi's
symptoms.
7. Dr. Ragan would work to stimulate self-efficacy. He might explain how self-defeating
perceptions are impairing student performance, point out their previous successes (“You
did so well in high school”), and generally get his clients to believe “I can succeed if I
work hard.” Drawing on the concept of modeling, Dr. Ragan might bring a senior who
did very poorly freshman year, but is about to graduate with honors to talk to his group.
Dr. Malesta, in contrast, might positively reinforce individual students for studying
by having them complete charts spelling out how many hours they spent at the library,
and then rewarding each person who increased his or her study time. He could give
special individual prizes for bringing up grades on subsequent tests. If a particular group
generally improved their grades at the end of the semester, they might celebrate by
having a party.
8. Bowlby agreed with the Freudians that our early experiences with caregivers shape our
mental health, but he also believed in a nature explanation of behavior, namely, that the
attachment response is biologically built in to promote species survival.
9. Here, the psychologist could conduct a twin study, soliciting a large sample of identical
and fraternal twins and comparing the similarity of “identicals” on a measure of shyness
with those of “fraternals.” If the identical twins had much more similar shyness scores
Page 44
than the fraternal twins, the conclusion would be that shyness is highly genetically
determined. Alternatively, the psychologist could select adopted children and compare
their shyness ratings with their biological and adoptive parents. If the psychologist
found a high correlation between adoptees and their birth parents, and virtually no
similarity between adoptees and their adoptive parents, the psychologist could make the
same conclusion.
10. Answers will vary. Evocative influences, however, will relate to how personality traits—
shyness, happiness, kindness, and so forth—naturally affect how other people relate to
that student. In describing active forces, students should talk about talents and interests
that propelled them to actively select environments where they learned to improve at that
skill, such as, “I was good at sports, so I've been playing soccer since the age of 3.”
Person/environment fit: “I'm terrible at math, so when I had to take statistics,
I failed. . . . I really 'get' psychology, so I'm getting all As in my psych classes . . . I'm
not a morning person, so why did I take all 8 AM classes?”
11. Freud focused on the crucial importance of early childhood alone. Freud believed that
the main life mission for a person is to satisfy sexual feelings (libido), and that during
early childhood, people progress from the oral, to the anal, to the phallic stage. Erikson
believed that people develop throughout life and that a person's main life mission is to
become an independent person and relate to others. Erikson's stages of development are
lifelong; they involve how well people have resolved each of eight “psychosocial tasks”
linked to age.
12. Piaget believed that all learning occurs by fitting new information to what people
know—assimilation—and, in the process, expanding what they know, or growing
mentally. So, assimilation and accommodation always take place together. For example,
a baby can only suck, so he assimilates all objects to what he knows—sucking—and in
the process, he learns about the world of objects.
13. Measurement approach = naturalistic observation
Advantage: gives a concrete record of the behavior
Disadvantage: very time-intensive; parents in particular may not hit or spank their child
that day because they will be on good behavior while the researcher is watching.
14. Melissa would select a sample of adults who naturally vary in their exercise practices
and relate these variations to scores on tests of health. On the plus side, this study would
be easy to carry out and not pose ethical issues. On the minus side, this research design
cannot prove that exercise leads to better health. Ramon would randomly assign people
to either regularly exercise or not exercise, and then compare the health of the respective
groups at a later date. On the plus side, Ramon's intervention could really prove that
exercising promotes health. On the minus side, this study would have serious practical
problems and may be unethical.
15. The researchers can conclude that yes, older cohorts may be happier, but that says
nothing about whether happiness really rises with age.
16. Minuses: Longitudinal studies are incredibly expensive, take years, and involve the
hassle of getting people to return. Due to subject attrition, only the “best people”
remain. Therefore, particularly with adults, these studies only sample how atypically
“elite” people develop.
Pluses: This is the only research method that can chart real age changes, and, more
important, reveal individual patterns of development, and how earlier life experiences
Page 45
relate to later behavior.
17. There are multiple possibilities, so students' answers will vary.
Page 46
1. Two of the major areas comprising the study of lifespan development include and
_.
A) phrenology; phenomenology
B) philosophy; child development
C) gerontology; chemistry
D) child development; adult development
2. “They are born at around the same time as we are, and we travel through life during the
same point in history.” This description refers to a person's:
A) social group.
B) social class.
C) club.
D) cohort.
5. Joe lives in a society that prizes social harmony, obedience to one's elders, and living
together with older family members as an adult. Joe lives in a(n) culture.
A) collectivist
B) individualistic
C) developed
D) developing
Page 47
7. Which is an example of self-efficacy?
A) John believes that he is competent in psychology so he works very hard in this
class.
B) Jean feels good about himself as a person.
C) Jacqui likes to reward herself for doing well.
D) Jill tries to place herself in difficult situations.
8. Dr. Lee is interested in determining the degree to which certain traits are biologically
built into our species. Dr. Lee's field of study is:
A) behavioral genetics.
B) evolutionary psychology.
C) attachment theory.
D) developmentalism.
10. Eighteen-year-old Bethany is trying to determine who she is as a person and what she
wants to do in life. According to Erik Erikson's framework, Bethany's current life
challenge is:
A) basic trust.
B) initiative.
C) identity.
D) role confusion.
11. Dr. Beech uses many different approaches to understand behavior and is interested in
the ways in which these influences interact. Dr. Beech is adopting the approach.
A) nature versus nurture
B) ecological developmental systems
C) humanistic
D) behavioral genetics
Page 48
12. Professor Carter is conducting a study in which he watches children in a classroom and
rates their behavior. Professor Carter is using which measurement method?
A) survey analysis
B) self-report design
C) laboratory research
D) naturalistic observation
13. Miguel decides to study the relationship between exercise and health. He picks a group
of older people, assesses how much they work out, and then relates these scores to
measures of blood pressure and other signs of illness. Miguel's strategy of relating
variables as they naturally occur is called:
A) correlational research.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) self-report.
D) experimental research.
15. Dr. Williams is interested in studying changes in exercise rates among 12-, 25-, 35-, and
45-year-olds . Dr. Williams is conducting a study.
A) correlational
B) qualitative
C) longitudinal
D) cross-sectional
Page 49
Answer Key
1. D
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. D
13. A
14. A
15. D
Page 50
1. Lifespan developmentalists, or developmental scientists, are:
A) primarily researchers.
B) researchers and practitioners from a variety of disciplines.
C) primarily psychologists.
D) primarily practitioners.
Page 51
7. According to traditional behaviorists, all voluntary actions are determined by:
A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) social learning theory.
D) attachment theory.
9. Dr. Styler studies universal human tendencies that are shared by all people. He
speculates that these are biological predispositions that helped promote human survival.
Dr. Styler MOST likely is a(n):
A) traditional behaviorist.
B) cognitive behaviorist.
C) behavioral genetics researcher.
D) evolutionary psychologist.
10. Built-in temperamental tendencies cause people to gravitate to certain careers. The term
for this nature/nurture interaction is:
A) active forces.
B) unidirectional forces.
C) evocative forces.
D) heritability.
11. Genetic tendencies shape the environment we select. The two terms that explain the
different ways that “nature shapes nurture” are forces.
A) evocative and active
B) interactive and disjunctive
C) evocative and reactive
D) reactive and proactive
Page 52
13. Cassie is studying the relationship between depression and anxiety. Cassie is performing
a(n) study.
A) experimental
B) correlational
C) causal
D) unidirectional
14. Dr. Immaculata studies groups of people using statistical tests. She is conducting:
A) interview research.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) qualitative research.
D) quantitative research.
15. A bias of the longitudinal Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study is
that it is testing:
A) people who are worse off than the typical person.
B) people who are elite or better off than the typical person.
C) people from an unusual nation.
D) people who are now middle aged.
Page 53
Answer Key
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. B
9. D
10. A
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. C
Page 54
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Bellevue
belligerence
belligerency
belligerent
Belligerents
Bellinghausen
bells
bellum
Belly
BELMONT
belong
belonged
belonging
belongings
belongs
beloved
below
belt
Bench
benches
bend
Bendigo
bending
beneath
Benedictines
benediction
benefactions
benefactor
benefactors
beneficent
beneficial
benefit
benefiting
benefits
benevolence
benevolent
Bengal
Benguela
Benguet
Bengula
benignity
benignly
BENIN
BENJAMIN
Bennet
Bennett
Benson
Bent
Bentley
Bentwich
Benué
bequeath
bequeathed
bequests
Berar
Berber
Berda
Berdrow
Beresford
BERGENDAL
BERING
Berkeley
BERLIN
Bermuda
Bermudez
Bernadottes
Bernadou
Bernard
Bernhard
Bernier
Berovitch
Berry
Berthelot
berths
beryls
Besançon
beseech
beseeching
beset
Beside
Besides
besieged
besiegers
bespattered
Bessemer