LESSON 1

Introducing one’s self

GRAMMAR TOPICS: Subject pronouns. Difference between “a” and “an”. Simple present. Verbs to be,
to do and to have.

GENERAL VOCABULARY:
to do to meet sister grand parent
to like parents uncle grand son
to give father aunt wife
to see mother nephew husband
to know son grand child child
to understand daughter grand father boy
to have brother grand mother girl

Subject pronouns

● Subject pronouns: They are used inst ead of nouns

SINGULAR PLURAL
I We
You You
He They
She They
It they

Simple Present
VERB TO BE
Aff.: PRONOUN + TO BE + complement

SINGULAR PLURAL
I am We are
You are You are
He is They are
She is They are He wakes up
Exercise:
(Subject pronouns) It is They are Are you Italian?
Example: I have children
She is nice = They are nice It is beautiful
I am a grandmother.
She lives in Switzerland.

Other verbs
A - Construction

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 The verbs conjugated in the simple present always take an -s in the third person singular. For all other persons it
is identical to the infinitive.
Example: to work
I work we work
you work you work
he / she / it works they work
B - Use
The simple present is used:
 Especially to talk of events more or less permanent and for regular actions.
Example: We often play tennis.
 For narrations in the simple present, to describe an instantaneous and precise action (for example in reports).
Example: A policeman knocks at a door and tells a woman...
Note:
In the third person singular:
 after -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -o and -x, is added -es.
Example: she passes, he catches...
 verbs ending in -y take -ies (except when the 'y' is preceded by a vowel).
Example: to try = he tries but to play = he plays

Exercise:
(Simple present –to be/other verbs) You(be)
Example: We(be)
I am barefoot. = Are you barefoot? He(be)
It(be)
I am happy. They(be)
I wear ties She(be)
I have brown hair. Barry(be)
I am Dutch. The pants(be)
We are Puerto Rican. The shoes(be)
They are Canadian. My pen(be)
Rose wears tennis shoes. A bow tie(be)
Katie has a big family. A sweater(be)
You can sleep now.
Exercise:
Example: She is = she’s
It (to work) = It works
They are
He (to wear) I am
They (to ask) It is
Melanie (to live) You are
You (to know) It is
Kurt and Kordell (to look) You are
We (to like) We are
The monsters (to see) He is
The boy (to catch) Sheryl is
Alan (to try) Kobe is
Wayne (to wish) They are
I (to know) The monster is
She (to understand) The sock is
I (be) The tie is

Difference between “a” and “an”:

 “a” is used before a word beginning phonetically with a consonant.

Example:
I have a man.
I need a new pair of trousers.
I have new car.

Note: Y, U and O at the beginning of certain words are pronounced as consonants. In this case the article “a” is used.
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Example:
I bought a yacht.
I study in a university.

 “an” is used before a word beginning phonetically with a vowel.

Example:
I have an uncle
Do you have an umbrella?
It’s an expensive shop.

Note: Before some words beginning with a silent “h”, “an” is used.

Example:
An hour.
An honest man.

Exercise:
(difference between “a-an”)
Example:
He eats the apple = He eats an apple.

He sees the house

I wear the bow tie.
She wears the orange skirt.
Here is the computer.
You are the man.
She lives in the old house.
This is the important question.
Do you have the pen?
Give me the answer.

LESSON 2
Descriptions

GRAMMAR TOPICS: Placing the adjective. Questions without interrogative pronouns.

GENERAL VOCABULARY:
to do to meet tall single
to give beautiful short eye
to like ugly blond hair
to see big slim fair
to know small plump
to understand young brown
to have old married

Placing the adjective:

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There are 2 positions for the adjective:
 After “to be”. When you are only describing the noun.
Example: She is pretty. They are crazy. Peter is lazy
 Before the noun. When you want to describe or mention something about a noun with a specific
characteristic.
Example: The red apple has a worm. My new car goes fast. I have long hair.

Exercise: Hair (long)

(placing the adjective) A restaurant (Vietnamese)
Example: The eyes (brown)
A skirt (black) = a back skirt A question (hard)
The socks (ugly)
A country (warm)
The backyard (big) (subject pronouns)
The twins (young) Example:
A pen (blue) She is nice= they are nice
An answer (good)
The socks (yellow) She has big hands
The women (beautiful) Are you short?
I like chocolate.

Questions without interrogative pronouns.

TO BE AND OTHER VERBS IN THE INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORM.

Exercise:
(negative form verb to be/ other verbs)
Example:
Do you speak Japanese? = No, I don’t speak Japanese.

Can you count?

Are you at home?
Is he with you?
Is summer their favorite?
Is it her birthday?
Do you like movies?
Is today Friday?
Does Jon work hard?
Do one and one make three?

LESSON.3
Numbers and Letters
GRAMMAR TOPICS: Alphabet. Numbers. Can: Perception and knowledge. Object pronouns.
GENERAL VOCABULARY:

to do alphabet kitchen hundred

to take to count x after y thousand
to like to pronounce before
to see living room thirty
to know bathroom twenty-three
to have bedroom thirteen

The alphabet:

Aa as in 'ant' Ff as in 'frog'
Bb as in 'book' Gg as in 'ghost'
Cc as in 'computer' Hh as in 'house'
Dd as in 'dog' Ii as in 'insect'
Ee as in 'egg' Jj as in 'jeans'
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 Kk as in 'kitchen' Ss as in 'son'
Ll as in 'light' Tt as in 'tie'
Mm as in 'monster' Uu as in 'uncle'
Nn as in 'number' Vv as in 'vegetable'
Oo as in 'office' Ww as in 'watch'
Pp as in 'pig' Xx as in 'xylophone'
Qq as in 'question' Yy as in 'yacht'
Rr as in 'rat' Zz as in 'zebra'

The numbers:

 Cardinal
First explain that there are ordinal and cardinal numbers. Teach them the cardinal numbers from 1 to 1 million, see pronunciation
and spelling.
1 one 6 six 11 eleven 16 sixteen 30 thirty 80 eighty
2 two 7 seven 12 twelve 17 seventeen 40 forty 90 ninety
3 three 8 eight 13 thirteen 18 eighteen 50 fifty 100 one hundred
1000 one
4 four 9 nine 14 fourteen 19 nineteen 60 sixty
thousand
1,000,000 one
5 five 10 ten 15 fifteen 20 twenty 70 seventy
million
Show them the different pronunciation between 13 and 30, 14 and 40, 15 and 50 …

 Ordinal
st
1 first 6th sixth 11th eleventh 16th sixteenth 30th thirtieth
2nd second 7th seventh 12th twelfth 18th eighteenth 40th fortieth
3rd third 8th eighth 13th thirteenth 19th nineteenth 50th fiftieth
4th fourth 9th ninth 14th fourteenth 20th twentieth 60th sixtieth
5th fifth 10th tenth 15th fifteenth 21st twenty first 70th … 1000000th
Review the pronunciation as well as spelling and do exercises on the board with them. Also explain when you use

these numbers. Example: Dates, place in a race …

“Can”: perception and knowledge:

A – Construction

The modal auxiliary 'can' is conjugated in the same way for all persons. It doesn't take an -s in the 3rd person singular. 'Can' is
followed by the infinitive without 'to'.
Example: He can see me.

B – Use

The auxiliary 'can' has several meanings. It expresses:

 Involuntary perceptions and operations of the mind. It is sometimes used before the verbs:
to hear, to see, to feel, to understand...
Example:

Don't speak so loud. She can hear you.

I cannot (can't) understand why you're nervous.
 Intellectual ability and knowledge. 'Can' may thus be replaced by to know how to.
Example:

I can swim. = I know how to swim.

Exercise:
(Can: perception and knowledge)
Example:

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Millie knows how to count = Millie can count.

Frank knows how to spell.

Do you know how to swim?
She knows how to use a computer.
We know how to speak Italian.
Blair knows how to tie her shoes.
Spot knows how to sit.
Do they know how to read?
Jesse knows how to run fast.
I know how to use ‘can’.

Object pronouns:

SINGULAR PLURAL
me us
you you
him them
her them
its them

B - Use
They are used as direct or indirect complements to the object. They are always placed after the verb. When a verb is followed
by a particle, the object pronoun is always put between the verb and the article.

Example: She's looking at me. We'll pick you up at eight. I'll give them the papers.

 When they are used alone the objective is the signaling or pointing of a person or thing. Who won
the race? Him!

 They can be used next to "with” to indicate with whom is an action done. He has a
car, I’m going with him.
 And to indicate who or what is affected by a specific action. We crashed them
with put car.

Exercise:
(Object pronouns)
Example:
He knows the alphabet = he knows it

I am with Sheila
She loves westerns.
Do you like the movie?
We write to our friends.
He has your pen.
Look at the clock!
She knows Martin.
Martin calls Mary.
He plays tennis with Gus.

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 LESSON 4
Dates and Time
GRAMMAR TOPICS: Definite and indefinite articles. Prepositions of time (in-on-at). Hour-time-O’clock.
GENERAL VOCABULARY:

to learn Monday May winter

to leave Tuesday June late
to bring Wednesday July early
to call Thursday August half an hour
to live Friday September hour
to speak Saturday October today
clock Sunday November in the morning
o'clock month December in the afternoon
watch January season in the evening
wristwatch February spring
week March summer
date April fall

Definite and indefinite articles:

 The definite article

“The” is the definite article in the singular and plural.

Example: The cat is in the house.

The cats are in the house.
 The definite article is used with sing. Nouns which are considered unique: The pope, The north pole…
 When there is a noun which is affected by an action: He washed the car. They took the bus…
 When the represent the generic of animals or things. The north American buffalo lives in ….
 When using the names of oceans, mountain ranges and rivers, also countries expressed in plural. The Pacific Ocean,
the rocky mountains, the Mississippi, The United States.

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  The indefinite article
 When indicating a single thing or person (one). There is a dog outside.
 “a” before words beginning with a consonant (includes “y” & aspired “h”): a boy, a year, a car, a house, a mess…
 “a” before words beginning with the “eu, ew & u” sounds: a European, a University…
 “an” before words beginning with vowels or silent “h”: an animal, an orange, an honor…
A/an is the indefinite article in the singular. In the plural, there is no article.

Example: There is a cat in our garden.

There are cats in our garden.

Exercise: The alphabet

(Definite and indefinite articles) The letter
Example: The movie
The garage=a garage A week
A birthday
The bathroom An alphabet
The living room A watch
The bedrooms A Frenchwoman
An Italian

Prepositions of time (at-in-on)

 'At' introduces a specific time of day.
Example: I always get up at seven.
The store opens at noon.

 'In' introduces a month, season, or year.

Example: My birthday's in August.
In the summer, it's nice.
I was born in 1975.
 'In' may also express duration.
Example:He finished his work in two days.
It's going to close in ten minutes.
I haven't seen him in years.
 'On' introduces specific dates and days of the week.
Example: My birthday's on September 24th.
You'll have to arrive on a Saturday.
I go to the movies on Saturdays.
Note: 'On' can be omitted in such cases.
Example: I'm leaving (on) Tuesday.

Hour-time-O’clock:

 'Hour' expresses duration.

Example: Don't take hours.
Shall we meet at the harbor in an hour?
I have to be at the theater in a half hour!
 'Time' indicates indeterminate duration.
Example: We won't have time to see him.
Take your time.
 'Time' can also indicate the time of day, e.g. as indicated by a clock. 'Time' is often used to ask the time of day.
Example: What time is it?
Is it time to go?
 'O'clock' expresses the exact time of day and is often omitted.
Example: It's six (o'clock).
I'd like to watch the seven o'clock news.
Exercise:
(Time management)
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Example:
9:15 = quarter after nine.

11:30
6:23
4:15
5:15
10:51
2:10
12:47
10:45
2:30
6:15
8:14
12:40

LESSON 5
Objects and animals
GRAMMAR TOPICS: Plurals. To have. Tags –short answers. Interrogative pronouns and adjectives.
Prepositions of place.
GENERAL VOCABULARY:

to leave bird frog scissors

to call spider giraffe stapler
to live snake dolphin ruler
can bee pen notebook
animal wasp pencil
dog ant pencilsharpener
duck butterfly eraser

Plurals:

 In general, the plural is formed by adding an –s ● Nouns that end in “consonant + y” are Example: A book –
books, a house – houses formed by eliminating the y and adding -ies.
Nouns that end with an -s, -sh, -ch, -x and –o Example: family - families add –es

● Other are irregular: man – men, woman - women, foot – feet, child – children, mouse-mice, tooth- teeth, goose – geese, ox –
oxen.

Example: bus - buses box – boxes

dish - dishes beach – beaches
tomato – tomatoes

 Only the nouns use the plural form and not the adjectives:
Example: The red car. → The red cars. The hungry child. → The hungry children.

Exercise:
(Plurals)
Example:
Man = men

Watch Ruler
Potato Cup
Woman Pencil
House Butterfly
Box Snake
Bench Brush
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Short answers:
Review of simple tense, it is frequent to use short answers to respond to questions because you avoid repeating the
entire sentence.

They are constructed by saying:

“Yes + coma + prn + auxiliary” & “No + coma + prn + neg. Auxiliary

Example:
”Do you want a cup of coffee? Yes, I do.
Have you seen this movie? No, I haven’t

Exercise:
(tags – short answers)
Example:
Is the coffee hot?(yes) = Yes, it is.

Does the pen write?(yes)

Is it a blue one?(no)
Do you have a ruler? (no)
Are the scissors blue? (yes)
Does Aaron have a pencil? (no)
Is the book long? (yes)
Do you like beetles? (no)
Is that a monkey? (yes)
Can Katie ride a horse? (no)

TO HAVE:
REVIEW WITH THE NEXT EXERCISES THE USE OF THIS VERB. Cover the doubts about interrogative or
negative forms.

Exercise:
(the verb TO HAVE)
Example:
He (two cars) = He has two cars.

They (good weather)

We (rich uncles)
She (a nice dog)
Butterflies (wings)
Dolphins (small eyes)
A monkey (strong arms)
The house ( a garage)
The cats (a mouse)
I (brown hair)

Interrogative pronouns and adjectives.

 The interrogative pronouns and adjectives

introduce questions to which you cannot reply
with either yes or no.

 The principal interrogative pronouns and

adjectives are:
who what when

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 where why whose
how which

 They are always placed at the beginning of the

sentence.
Example:
When do you want to go?
Whose bag is it?
Which car will you take?

These are words that introduce a question which can’t be answered with “yes” or “no”

 Who → Asks about the name of a person

 Where → Asks about a place
 How → Asks about a procedure or way to do something
 What → Asks about information
 Why → Asks about a reason
 Which → Asks about a choice
 When → Asks about a time
 Whose → Asks about a possession

Prepositions of place:

 An adverbial phrase of place is always preceded by a preposition of place.

 The principal prepositions of place are:

At In
near On
Under Between
Behind Opposite
across In front of

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 LESSON 6
Adjectives
GRAMMAR TOPICS: Comparative of equals. Exclamations with “What a”.

GENERAL VOCABULARY:
to leave full boiling hot right
to call fast warm wrong
to live slow cold pretty
can happy new cup
bad sad old
good easy nice
empty hard beautiful

Exclamations with “What a”:

“What a” is used to express an admiration or discontent towards nouns or groups of nouns that have a characteristic which causes
such reactions.
 In an exclamatory clause “what a/an” precedes a singular countable noun which may or may not be preceded by an adjective.
Example:
What a beautiful day!
What an old house!
What a question!
 Before plural countable nouns and before uncountable nouns “what” is used without “a/an”
Example:
What beautiful days!
What old houses!
What questions!

Exercise:
(Exclamation “what a”)
Example:
What a tall man! = What tall men.

What a fast truck!

What an old car!
What a small horse!
What a big garage!
What a short street!
What a sweet monkey!
What a big wasp!
What a yellow bee!
What a pretty cat!

Example:
What tall men = what a tall man!

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What nice monkeys!
What good dogs!
What sweet cats!
What happy pigs!

What long snakes!

What pretty animals!
What fast cars!
What old houses!
What good questions!

Comparative of equals:

The expression 'as . . . as' is used to compare two (or two groups of) persons or things according to some common
trait.
This expression is formed as follows: 'as' + an adjective or adverb + 'as'

Example:

My brother is as tall as my dad.

I'm as old as you are.
You speak French as well as I do.

Exercise:
(comparative of equals, as…as)
Example:
George and Al are rich = George is as rich as Al.

Marie-Jo and Marion are fast.

Mark and Sammy are strong.
Orel and Tony are smart.
Alison and Alexander are young.
You and I are old.
The coffee and the tea are hot.
He and I run fast.
The truck and the car go slowly.
The monkey and the giraffe think hard.

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 LESSON 7
Coming to America
GRAMMAR TOPICS: Age expression. Reflexive pronouns. Possessive adjectives.
GENERAL VOCABULARY:
to come bag Vietnamese Canada
to go trunk Ireland Canadian
to listen to to spell Irish Greece
to get Germany Russian Greek
to talk German Haiti Peru
to write Mexico Haitian Peruvian
language Mexican China sure
country side Senegal Chinese jammed
town Senegalese Algeria tired
souitcase Vietnam Algerian to turn

Reflexive pronouns:

Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves

 Cuando el complemento se refiere a la misma cosa o la misma persona que el sujeto de la frase.

Example: They hurt themselves.

Now, tell me about yourself.

 Para hacer hincapié en una persona o cosa en este caso, el pronombre “self” no tiene un sentido reflexivo.

Example: I can manage myself.

Exercise:
(Reflexive pronouns)
Example:
He (to enjoy) = he enjoys himself

They (to enjoy)

We (to enjoy)
Dwight (to enjoy)
Mr. Timson (to burn)
My sister (to defend)
I (to protect)

You (fool)
I (repeat)
The bird (to hurt)

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Age expression:
Prn + aux to be + age + years old
Prn + aux to be + expression of age
How old + aux to be + prn?

Example:
I’m eighteen years old.
How old are you?
Review of subject pronouns.

Exercise:
(Age expression)
Example:
How old is Mrs. Lang? (46) = Mrs. Lang is forty-six years old.

How old is Mr. Timson? (43)

How old is Samuel?(31)
How old are you? (40)
How old are the twins?(24)
How old is the Cadillac?(4)
How old is the baby? (2)
How old are Jenny and Vivian? (20)
How old is this house? (139)
How old am I? (29)

Names and Countries in capital letters:

●All names of countries are capitalized:

Example:
Mexico, The United States, France …

●All nationalities are capitalized, as nouns or adjectives:

Example:
There are many Americans here.
My boss is Italian.
●The names of people or companies are also capitalized:
Example:
Luis is hungry.
Ford makes very good pick ups

Exercise:
(Nationalities)
Example:
From Spain = Spanish

From Germany From Haiti

From Mexico From China
From Senegal From Algeria
From Vietnam From Canada
From Ireland From Greece
From Russia From Peru

Possessive adjectives:

SINGULAR PLURAL

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 my our
your your
his their
her their
its their

The possesive adjective precedes a nominal group.

It never agrees with the noun that follows.

Example:
I like my suit - I like my suits.
She's visiting our house - She's visiting our houses

Exercise:
(Possessive adjectives)
Example:
The car belongs to Vivian = It’s her car.

The bag belongs to me.

The book belongs to you.
The suitcase belongs to them.
The name belongs to Luther.
The cocktail belongs to Steve.
The Buick belongs to Tim.
The house belongs to us.
The coffee belongs to you.
The books belong to her.

LESSON 8
The cocktail party
GRAMMAR TOPICS: Demonstratives This – that. Future tense. Present continuous. Possessive case.
GENERAL VOCABULARY:
to come cocktail party train American
to go to toast train station British
to listen to host bus French
to talk hostess plain Italian
to write down guest car that
cocktail to introduce truck this

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at home season shame

Demonstratives THIS –THAT:

 Demonstratives THIS –THAT may be used as adjectives or as pronouns. Their singular and plural forms are:

Singular Plural
This These
That Those

 THIS, implies proximity in space or time.

Example:
I think we met this morning.
These muffins look good
This is a pencil sharpener.
 THAT, implies distance in space and time.

Example:
That evening, you are invited to a cocktail party.
Those exercises were difficult.
That’s a nice car.

Exercise:
(Demonstratives)
Example:
That bag is heavy = those bags are heavy

That plane is gray.

This woman is tired.
That book is great.
This is the suitcase
This is my daughter.
That is my friend.
That house is huge!
Look at that car!
This Frenchman is nice.

Future tense:

Will expresses an activity in the future. It has a contraction which is prn‘ll and in the negative won’t.

The structures are:

Prn/name + will + verb in infinitive + complement
Prn/name + won’t + verb in infinitive + complement
Will + prn/name + verb in infinitive + ?

It can be used to indicate a repetitive action; in this case a frequency adverb is used: Prn/name + frequency adverb +
verb in infinitive + complement

Exercise:
(Future tense)

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Example:
I (be) = I will be

Francine (go)
The train (have)
They (wish)
I (come)
You (sit)
She (stay)
Jenny and Samuel (be)
We (meet)
He (recognize)
I (invite)
Mr. Timson (look)
You (have)

Present continuous:

Rules for adding “-ing”

 Add “-ing” to the verb : to call → calling
 If the verb ends in “-e”, eliminate the “-e” and then add the “-ing” : to come → coming
 If there is a vowel before the “-e” only add “-ing”: to see → seeing
 If the verb ends in consonant – vowel – consonant
1. - First add the last consonant one more time: to forget → forgett
2. - Then add the “-ing”: forgett → forgetting
3. – Exception: In verbs ending in “-r, -w, -x” you only add “-ing” :
to water → watering, to show → showing, to fix → fixing
The gerund is used when an action is done during a period of time and not at a specific moment.

A - Construction
 In the affirmative form, the present continuous is formed as follows:
 be (conjugated) + infinitive without 'to' + -ing

Example: I'm (I am) washing my hair.

 In the negative form, the following is used: be + not + infinitive without 'to' +-ing

Example: I know you aren't (are not) working.

 In the interrogative form, the auxiliary is put before the subject.

Example: What are you doing?

B - Use
The present continuous is used to describe an action that is actually taking place.

Example:
I think he's sleeping in his bedroom. I don't want to go out. It's raining. She's not crying, she's laughing
 The simple present is used to talk about facts more or less permanent and regular actions or events.
 The present continuous is used to describe an action actually taking place at the moment when one is speaking.

Example: Simple present: She works every day from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Present continuous: I'm working on the computer right now.

Exercise:
Example:
She (meet) = she is meeting

You (hear)
We (wait)
David (help)

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Heather (insist)
They (open)
Mills and Mike (say)
Paula (tell)
The Germans (turn)
I (speak)
He (think)
You (understand)
We (stay)

Possessive case:

 An “s” is added to singular nouns (even those ending with “s”).

Example: John’s birthday
My boss’s secretary.
My children’s feelings.

 An apostrophe (‘) is added to plural nouns ending with “s”

Example: The horses’ cars.
 Is used in general with names of living things, countries, groups and institutions.
Example: Iris’s officers.
Washington’s economy.

Exercises:
(Possessive case)
Example:
Father (Jenny) = Jenny’s father

Wings (plane)
Program (the university)
Pages (the books)
Name (the Frenchman)
Car (Samuel)
House (Regis)
Trunk (the car)
Children (the Timsons)

Doors (the houses)

Cocktail party (Jenny)
Daughter (Mrs. Timson)
Plane (the boss)

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 LESSON 9
Vacation plans
GRAMAR TOPICS: Difference between “there is” and “there are”. Review of “how words”.
GENERAL VOCABULARY:

to get apartment convenient veranda

to try available location washing machine
to walk bathroom near cupboard
to talk bedroom far vacuum cleaner
to write kitchen terrace
to check living room view
to rent equipped villa

There is / are:

There is/are is used to indicate the existence of something. It’s negative is constructed by changing the aux of to be in
the negative form There isn’t/aren’t.

There is/isn’t → singular. There are/aren’t → plural.

Example:
There is a big problem at the plant. There isn’t toilet paper in the bathroom.
There are 2 apples. There aren’t many people.

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For the interrogative form “there” is placed after the auxiliary.

Example:
Is there air-conditioning here?
Are there 2 o 3 bottles of tequila?

Exercise:
(Difference between “There is” and “there are”)
Example:
There are sandwiches on the table = There is a sandwich on the table.

There are sponges in the sink.

There are electric stoves.
There are clean towels in the bathroom
Are there glasses?
Are there clean sheets?
Are there pretty views?
There are no lamps.
Are there double beds?
Aren’t there dryers?

Review of how words:

How much + noun + aux (do/be) + complement + ? Asks quantity for non count nouns
How many + noun + aux (do/be) + complement + ? Asks quantity for countable nouns
How long + aux (do/be/will…) + prn + complement + ? Asks the length (time or measurement)
How old + aux to be + prn/noun Asks for the age
How often + aux do + prn/name + verb + complement +?Asks for frequency
How come + aux (do/be) + prn/name + complement + ? Asks details and complete reasons (WHY)

Exercise:
(Difference “how many” and “how much”)
Example:
We don’t have much information = How much information do we have?

We don’t need many beds.

They don’t have many villas
There aren’t many plates.
We didn’t bring much food.
She doesn’t have much laundry.
I don’t see many boats.
There isn’t much light.
We don’t need many sleeping bags.
We don’t have to buy much.

Exercise:
(how long)
Example:
How long a week lasts = seven days

How long a year lasts

How long February is during leap year
How long from midnight to noon
How long a decade lasts
How long a century lasts
How long a minute is

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 LESSON 10
The summer rental
GRAMAR TOPICS: Negative and affirmative imperative. Past Tense.
GENERAL VOCABULARY:

to think bed furniture washing machine

to find closet glass broom
to need dishes microwave oven light bulb
to open dishwasher refrigerator mop
to close fork room chest
to provide knife sheets pillow
bath freezer sofabed drawer

Negative imperative:

The following are the structures to use in the negative imperative:

For 2nd person and the plural: Do not (don’t) + infinitive. Don’t touch that!

For polite speech in 1st person of the plural (we): Let + us (Let’s) + not + infinitive. Let’s not fight.

For everyday speech in 1st and 3rd person:

do not (don’t) + let + obj. prn. + infinitive. Don’t let him fall asleep.
do not (don’t) + let + noun + infinitive. Don’t let the children do what they want.

(Affirmative imperative)
Example:
You should forget about it = forget about it.

You should eat lunch now.

You should clean the burners.
You should buy dishwashing liquid.
You should turn on the electricity.

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We should make the beds.
We should rent a boat.
You should open the shutters.
You should come back next year.
We should stay an extra week.

Affirmative Imperative:

In the second persons of the singular and the plural, the affirmative imperative has the same form as the infinitive without 'to.'

Example:
Take a seat.
Follow me, please.

In the first persons of the singular and the plural as well as in the third persons of the singular and the plural, the affirmative
imperative is formed as follows:

 let + personal pronoun complement + infinitive without ‘to'

 let + noun phrase + infinitive without ‘to'

Example:
Let me check in the dictionary. Let Mark sit here.

Let's (let us) go to the beach. Let them do what they want!

(Negative imperative)
Example:
We shouldn’t spend too much = let’s not spend too much.

You shouldn’t leave the tennis courts.

We shouldn’t use the dishwasher.
You shouldn’t take the double bed.
You shouldn’t stay on the beach too long.
You shouldn’t open the shutters.
We shouldn’t leave the villa.
We shouldn’t turn on the gas.
You shouldn’t take the car.
You shouldn’t swim after eating.

Past Interrogative:
To be & to do in past (auxiliaries)
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were

Aux DID for the simple past with verbs different from the verb TO BE, ad it is used just like the simple present:
Structure
NEG: Pron. + didn’t + verb simple form + compl.
INT: Did + pron. + verb simple form + compl + ?

Exercise: It is sunny? = was it sunny?

(Simple past “to be and other verbs”)
Example: Are you home?
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Do they rent? Example:
Is it on the beach? How long a week lasts = seven days
Is it raining?
Is the villa big? How long an hour lasts
Are the tennis courts open? How long a day is
Is there a washing machine? How long between Olympic Games
Are the beds big enough? How long it takes to make a three-minute egg
Can you see the ocean? How long the last millennium was

LESSON 11
Grocery shopping
GRAMAR TOPICS: Simple Present VS. Continuous present. Should and Ought to. Not …either. Pronoun
ONE -ONES
GENERAL VOCABULARY:

to think to close butcher's pepper

to find to buy cheese recepie
to need to to shop dessert salt
to touch to cook grocery store slice
to stand baker's ingredient vegetable
so sit beef meal tart
open bread rool meat

Present continuous:

Rules for adding “-ing”

 Add “-ing” to the verb : to call → calling
 If the verb ends in “-e”, eliminate the “-e” and then add the “-ing” : to come → coming
 If there is a vowel before the “-e” only add “-ing”: to see → seeing
 If the verb ends in consonant – vowel – consonant
1. - First add the last consonant one more time: to forget → forgett
2. - Then add the “-ing”: forgett → forgetting
3. – Exception: In verbs ending in “-r, -w, -x” you only add “-ing” :
to water → watering, to show → showing, to fix → fixing
The gerund is used when an action is done during a period of time and not at a specific moment.

A - Construction
 In the affirmative form, the present continuous is formed as follows:
 be (conjugated) + infinitive without 'to' + -ing

Example: I'm (I am) washing my hair.

 In the negative form, the following is used: be + not + infinitive without 'to' +-ing

Example: I know you aren't (are not) working.

 In the interrogative form, the auxiliary is put before the subject.

Example: What are you doing?

B - Use
The present continuous is used to describe an action that is actually taking place.

Example:

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 I think he's sleeping in his bedroom. I don't want to go out. It's raining. She's not crying, she's laughing
 The simple present is used to talk about facts more or less permanent and regular actions or events.
 The present continuous is used to describe an action actually taking place at the moment when one is speaking.

Example: Simple present: She works every day from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Present continuous: I'm working on the computer right now.

Example:
(Simple vs. continuous present)
He (to shop) at the moment = He’s shopping at the moment.

They (to eat) stuffed cabbage for dinner

We (to have) a party today

He (to go) out for brunch every Sunday
They (to want) fresh vegetables
You ( to push) the cart too fast!
Any (to come)to this bakery often
Guido (to bake)great cakes
He (to make) one for tonight’s dinner
He (to buy) the ingredients right now

Use of the pronoun “one”:

● The pronoun one is used for substituting a countable noun already expressed and goes after the adjective:

Example:
He has a blue car and a red one.
● A noun that hasn’t been expressed but can be seen:

Example:
That’s a nice one. (maybe a song)
● The pronoun “one” has a plural which is “ones” and is used to indicate a group with the same characteristic even if
they are different as individuals:

Example:
The old ones are in the box (in this case the old ones represent old things maybe books, magazines or pictures.)
● It’s also used for making a choice. In this case it goes after “Which” and it’s for when the options are shown to the
person or people.

Example:
Which one do you like? (someone shows a banana, an orange)

Exercise:
(Pronoun One-ones)
Example:
A chocolate cake, marble one = a chocolate cake and a marble one.

A big chicken, a small chicken

One strawberry tart, one apple tart
Some frozen peas, some fresh peas
Two blueberry muffins, one bran muffin
A yellow onion, a white onion
Four paper bags, tow plastic bags
A tall butcher, a short butcher
Two plastic bottles, three glass bottles
A rye loaf, an Italian loaf
A good bakery, a bad bakery
A chocolate cake, two yellow cakes
A big party, a loud party

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Should and ought to:

 To give advice, the auxiliary 'should' or 'ought to' + an infinitive is used.

'Ought to' suggests an external or moral constraint.
Example: You should go to the butcher's first.
You ought to apologize to her!

Note. 'Shouldn't' is the usual form in negations.

Example: You shouldn't drive too fast!
 'Should' or 'ought to' + 'have' + a past participle is used to express a regret or reproach.
Example: We should have gone to the mountains.
They ought to have invited her.

Example:
(Should)
Come to the market = you should come to the market.

Buy some leeks.

Eat your carrots
Taste this sponge cake.
Say hello to the butcher.
Go get a shopping cart.
Leave the cookies there.
Move your cart!
Get some tuna fish.
Find the flour.

Not and Either:

A negative clause must never contain more than one negation. Accordingly, ‘either,’ not’ 'neither,' is used in any clause already
containing a negation. 'Either' is always placed at the end of the clause.

Example: We won't need the sleeping bags either.

I don't like spinach. I don't like it either.

Exercise:
(Not…either)
Example:
He doesn’t like lamb chops (I) = I don’t like lamb chops either

The butcher shop isn’t open (The bakery)

The deli doesn’t have any pickles (the supermarket)
They don’t have enough bread (rolls)
I haven’t been to the grocery store (the flower shop)
The vegetables are not fresh (the fruit)
The soup doesn’t contain carrots (leeks)
There are no carts left (baskets)
We don’t want this brand (that brand)
I don’t like to cook! (you)

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 LESSON 12
The supermarket
GRAMAR TOPICS: “Some” and “Any”. “Too” and “too much”.

GENERAL VOCABULARY:
to think to close check out counter receipt
to find to taste very rice
to need aile frozen shopping list
to touch bag fruit supermarket
to stand butter juice brand
to sit candy milk
open cart potato

Verbs: reactions and preferences:

Some verbs express thought reactions and preferences. They are followed only by the gerund (-ing) and represent an
activity.

Other verbs, according to the meaning of the sentence, are followed by the gerund or the infinitive. These are used more as
indicators of a preference towards an action done at a certain moment or place.

A - A few verbs are followed only by the gerund:

to enjoy, to mind, to resent, to object to, to miss, cannot stand …
Example: They enjoy dancing very much. Would you mind holding my jacket for a second?

B - Some verbs are followed by the gerund or the infinitive: to like, to love, to dislike, to hate …
I love swimming in the pool. I love to swim in the morning.

Some and any:

 The article 'some' precedes a countable plural or uncountable noun or noun phrase and indicates an undetermined
quantity.
Example: Could you give me some information on your villas? Some children were playing outside.
 The pronoun 'some' replaces a countable plural or uncountable noun or noun phrase.
Example: If you like milk, I have some. Where are the sponges? We have to buy some.
 The article or the pronoun 'any' replaces the article or the pronoun 'some' in an interrogative or negative
clause.
Example: Do you have any children? No, we don't have any.

Exercise:
Example:
We have some French bread (Italian bread) = Do you have any Italian bread?

I have some rye bread (pumpernickel)

They have some cake (cookies)
We have some chocolate ice cream (strawberry sherbet)
Archie has some cabbage (leeks)
Edith has some carrots (onions)
Gloria has some milk (butter)

Example:
(Difference “some” and “any”)
Do you have any chops? = yes, we have some chops.

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Do you have any roast beef?

Do you have any veal cutlets?

Do you have any chicken?
Do you have any vegetables?
Do they have any pot roasts?
Does she have any Italian bread?

“Too and too much”:

 'Too' precedes adjectives and adverbs.

Example: My tea's too strong. He runs too fast.
 'Too much' precedes uncountable (singular) nouns; 'too many' precedes plural countable nouns.
Example: Too much sun is bad for you. She has too many friends.
Note. When 'too much' modifies a verb, it follows the verb.
Example: He drank too much.

Exercise:
(Too – too much)
Example:
Very hungry = too hungry

Very big
Very tasty
Very hot
Very long
Very greedy
Very much
Very ripe
Very many veal chops
Very late
Very sweet
Very much butter
Very stupid

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