• Process by which a community identifies its needs or objectives.

• Efforts by which groups sharing common interest are assisted in identifying their needs
and goals mobilizing resources within the communities and other ways

• It is a social development approach that aims to transform the apathetic ,

individualistic, and voiceless poor into dynamic , parcipatory and politically responsive
community

• It is a collective ,parcipatory ,transformative, liberative ,sustained , and systematic

process of building people’s organization by mobilizing and enhancing the capabilities
and resources of the people for the resolution of their issues and concerns towards
affecting change in their existing oppressive and exploitive conditions.

• It is the process by which a community identifies its needs and objective ,develops
confidence to take the action in respect of them and in doing so, extends the develops
cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices in the community.
• It is the continues and sustained process of educating the people to understand and
developed their critical awareness of their existing conditions ,working with the people
collectively and efficiently on their immediate and long-term problems , and mobilizing
the people to develop their capability and readiness respond and take action on their
immediate needs towards solving their long term problems

• It is a process by which people are brought together to act in common self –interest .

• It is usually focused on more than just resolving specific issues. Organizing is empowering
all community members ,often with the goal of distributing power equally throughout the
community.
1. Principle of Needs / Problems and Issues

2. Principle of Leadership

3. Principle of Communication
4. Principle of Structure
5. Principle of Evaluation
6. Principle of Participation
GLADIATORS

FOOT SOLDIER

SPECTATORS

APATHETIC
1. Community Analysis- The process of assessing and designing
needs, oppurtunities and resources involved in initiating
community health action program

Key elements
1. Collect data
2.assess the community capacity
3.assess the community barriers
4.asess readiness for change
5.synthesize data and set priorities
Key Elements
1.Establish core planning groups and select a local
organizer
2.Choose an organizational structure
3.Identify, select and recruite organization
members
4.Define the goals of the organization.
5.Clarify rules and responsibilities of people
involved in the organization
6.Provides training and recognition
7.Develop plans
Key Elements
1.Generate broad citizens participation
2.Develop a sequential work plan
3.Use comprehensive, integrated strategies
Key Elements
1.Establish a positive organization culture
2.Establish an on-going recruitment plan
3.Disseminate results
Key Elements
1. Update the community Analysis
2.Assess effectiveness of Intervention Programs
3.Chart futured directions
4.Summarize and disseminate results
Locality of Development – community changed maybe
pursued optimally through broad participation of a wide spectrum of
people at the local community level in goal determination and action
.
Social Planning – Errational, delibaretely planned, technical
process of problem solving with regards to substantive social
problem.

Social Action- Assumed that a disadvantage segment of the

population needs to be organized in order to make demands on the
larger community for increase resources or improve treatment.
1. Welfare Approach- the immediate and or spontaneous response to ameliorate the
manesfestation of poverty, especially on the personal level.

2. Modernization Approach- also referred to as the project development approach

3. Transformatory/ Participatory Approach- the process of empowering/

transforming the poor and the oppressed sectors of the society so that they can pursue a
more just and human society.
COPAR is an important tool for community development and people
empowerment as this help the community workers to generate community
participation in development activities.
It prepares people to eventually take over the management of a development
program in the future.
It maximizes community participation and involvement; community resources are
mobilized fir community services
Action-Reflection- Action Session (ARAS)
- Begin with small, local and concrete issues identified by the people and the
evaluation and reflection of and on the action taken by them.

Consciousness Raising Through Experiential Learning

-is central to the COPAR process because it places emphasis on learning that
emerges from concrete action which enriches succeeding actions.

Consensus Building
-COPAR is participatory and mass-based because it is primarily directed
towards biased in favore of the poor, the power and the oppressed.

Mass- Based Learning

-COPAR is group-centered and not leader-oriented. Leaders are identified,
emerged and are tested through action rather than appointed or selected by some
external force or entity.
1. People, especially the most oppressed, exploited and deprived sectors
are open to change, have the capacity to change, and are able to bring
about change.
2. Should be based on the interest of the poorest sectors of society.
3. Should lead to a self-reliant community and society.
1. Integration – community organizer become one with the people in order to:
a. Immerse himself in the poor community.
b. Understand deeply the culture, economy, leaders, history, rhythms, and
community

METHODS:
Participation in direct production activities of the people.
Conduct of house to house visit.
Participation in activities like birthday, fiestas, wakes and etc.
Conversing with people where they usually gather such as in stores, water wells,
washing streams or in churchyards.
Helping out in household chores like cooking washing the dishes.

2. Social investigation- a systemic process of collecting, collating, analyzing data to

draw a clear picture of the community.
- also known as community study.
3. Tentative Program Planning
- one issue to work on will be chosen by the community organizer to
begin organizing the people.
4. Groundwork
- going around and motivating the people on a one on one based to do
something on the issue tat has been chosen.
5. The meeting
-people collectively ratifying what they have already decided
individually.
6. Role play
- means to act out the meeting that will take place between the leader of
the people and the gov’t representatives.
7. Mobilization or action
- Actual experience of the people in confronting the powerful and the
actual exercises of people power.
8. Evaluation
the people reviewing the steps 1-7 so as to determine whether they
were successful or not in their objectives.
9. Reflection
-dealing with deeper, on going concerns to look at the positive
values the community organizer is trying to build in the organization.
10. Organization
-The people org. is the result of man successive similar actions of the
people
•Building a base of concerned people

•Mobilizing these community members to act

•Developing leadership from and relationships

among the people involved
•Imagination

•Sense of humor

•Blurred vision of a better world

•An organized personality

•Strong ego/sense of oneself

•A free, open mind and political relativity

•Ability to create the new out of the old

•Should be open for cultural diversity

A. Pre- entry phase
1. Formulation of institutional goals,
objectives and targets for the program.
2. Revision of curriculum
3. Train HRDP staff and faculty in COPAR
4. Coordinate participation of other
department within the institution.
1. Conduct preliminary social investigation or PSI

2. Do initial networking/consultation with LGU and other NGO’s

3. Generate secondary data

4. Make long/short list of potential communities (based on the set

criteria)

5. Conduct ocular survey of shortlisted communities

6. Interview Brgy. Officials leaders and key informants

7. Identify project sites/ alternatives

8. Coordinate with LGUs/NGOs for assistance

9. Develop secondary profiles from secondary data

10. Develop survey tools

11. Orient/ train staff on baseline survey, pay

courtesy call to community leaders

12.Pay courtesy call to community leaders

13. Sensitize community leaders regarding

COPAR

14. Conduct community assembly

15. Conduct baseline survey

16. Identify/ develop IEC materials for

information dissemination/sensitization

17.Conduct staff planning/ strategizing for

entry phase
This phase of community organizing is the most crucial phase
since project site varies from each other no single strategy is best
employed.

Activities:
1. Integrate with communinty resident
Integration is the process of establishing rapport with
people in a continuing effort to imbibe community life by living
with them and undergoing the same experience, sharing thier
hopes, aspirations and hardships towards building mutual trust
and cooperation.
2. Conduct deepening social investigation (DOS)
Social investigation is the systematic process of collecting,
collating, synthesizing and analyzing data to draw a clear picture of
community.

3. Disseminate information/ sensitize communinty residents on COPAR

Information campaign about the program and PHC can be done in a
small group discussions house-to-house visits in informal social gatherings
in store, washing streams, etc.

4.Formulate criteria for selection of core group members

The people themselves formulate the criteria of core group by
eliciting the qualities/ characteristics of a good leader. core group members
are selected by the community residents during assembly.
5. Make long/short list of potential core group members/leaders
Some of the roles and functions played by core group members
include the following
a) The social preparation of the community for health and
developmet work.
b) Organizing a cmmunity research team for the conduct of a
community assessment diagnosis
c) Setting up the community health organization and facilitate the
indentification of potential community workers or CHWs.

6.Deliver essential services

Essential health services like BP taking, weighing, health
assessment and the like must be rendered to the community to further
identity the project implementation as providers of health care.
7. Continue social investagation Social investigation is a continuous
process, which means, id does not end. In this phase of the organizing
work project implementers should further find out othe pressing
community and knowledge on how the community resolves conflicts
among residents.

8. Form the core group

though the core group members come from one
particularcommunity it is to be undrstood that they care not fully familiar
with one another especially as to the kid of attitudes,
behavior and lifest
Core group - is a group of individuals who possess leadership potentials a
cohesive working unit.
C. Organization Building Phase
The organization building phase signals the start of community self-
management because entials here the formation of a more structure and the
inclusion of more formal procedures planning, implementing, monitoring and
evaluating community wide activities.
Activities:
1. Elect Community Health Organization (CHO) Officers
The officers of the community health organization should be elected
people, they should not apointed.

Functions:
a. Ensure collective participation in decision making and during the
PRIME of community
b. Establish network and linkages for mobilizing external support
c. Generate resource for maintaining and sustaining programs and
activities
d. Raising community's consciousness on health, developement and
other boarder issues.
e. Mobilizing the people to act on the problems and issue affecting them

2. Organize/train community health workers and second liners

- Trainings are done in staggered basis.
-CHW's are selected based on thier interest to learn and williningness
to serve the community
-Proper the conduct of any training should be done among the
trainees to avoid conflict.
3. Conduct PAR
PAR is an active process where the expected beneficiaries of
research are the maina ctors the entire research process. This
process is based on a system of discussion, investigation and
analysis.This also enables the community to experience collective
consciousness about the issue at hand.

4. Consolidate commu nity diagnosis and PAR results

Community study is a comprehensive documentationof
data about the community gathered through social investigation. It
usually contains the following.
a. Physical geographical data
b. Area size and boundaries
c. Land use
d. Climate
e. Topography and terrain
f. Physical resources
Demographic data:
a. Population
b. Family size
c. Familiy structure in terms of age,sex, and civil
status
d. Social relationship
e. Origin and migration patterns

Economic conditions:
a. Sources of livelihoods of community residents
b. Average incomes
c. Systems of production, distribution and
consumption of community products
e. Expenditure patterns
Morality and Morbidity Data
a. Rates of morality and morbidity
b. Leading causes of morality and morbidity

Food Supply and Nutrition

a. Quality and quantity of food intake per family
b. Common practices in food handling,
preparation and consumption
c. Weaving practices

Health services and facilities

a. Availability of health centers and staff
b. Availability of medicines and clinic supplies
c. Methods of referral system
d. Sanitation facilities, practices and
problems.
e. General condition of the natural
environment .
f. Availability of herbs and plants and
medicinal properties.
g. Availability of local health
resources such as “hilots” and
“herbolarios”
Education
a. Average level of educational attainment
b. Educational facilities

Community leadership and organizations

a. Existing community organizations-thiet project
and activities
b. Existing informal groups
c. Leadership styles and practies

Development agencies
a. List of goverment and NGO agencies in the area
b. Type of programs and services of these agencies
c. People's perception of these agencies
8. Conduct PIME(Planning,implementation, monitoring, and
evaluation)
Planning for a Program of Action/Project
a. Determine objectives- identify what is to be done and
what outcomes might be
b. Select activities and methods/strategies for achieving the
objectives
c. Estimate time needed
e.Identify the persons responsible
D. Sustance and Strenghtening Phase
This is the last phase when the community can already
stand on his own, thus the people can sustain the program even
without help from project implementers.

Activities
1. Develop financial and management systems
2. Asses/re-plan community programs
3. Institutionalize lingkkages/ networks/
referral points
4. Hold continuing needs
5. Formulate/ratify constitution and by-laws
6. Apply for SEC registration/LGU
accreditation
7. Negotiate for absorption of community
health workers by LGU
8. Work towards affiliating/ federating with
others groups