Appendix:Proto-Keresan reconstructions
Proto-Keresan reconstructions:[1]
Miller & Davis (1963)
[edit]| no. | gloss | Proto-Keresan |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | closed | *-ʔáˑʔᴀ; *c̍ʔáˑʔᴀ |
| 2 | arrive | *-ʔác̍ɪ; *záʔác̍ɪ |
| 3 | cooking pot | *ʔádàus̆ɪ |
| 4 | tether | *ʔáˑdʸáˑnɪ |
| 5 | there | *ʔáisí |
| 6 | lamp | *ʔánáiẓáṅɪ |
| 7 | chair, pillow | *ʔánámát̠ɪ |
| 8 | tasty | *ʔáṅéˑ-za |
| 9 | knee | *ʔás̆ɪ; gáʔás̆ɪ |
| 10 | wheat | *ʔáṣánɪ |
| 11 | metate | *ʔáˑwáˑṅɪ |
| 12 | he is willing | *ʔé-gu |
| 13 | his name | *ʔéˑ-gá |
| 14 | remember | *ʔéʔé-gu |
| 15 | go (plural) | *-ʔégᴜ; *zéʔégᴜ |
| 16 | sneeze | *ʔésu-gᴀ |
| 17 | centipede | *ʔíʔìˑdʸawa |
| 18 | liver | *ʔíʔínâˑni |
| 19 | cholla cactus | *ʔiˑbánɪ |
| 20 | bark | *ʔíˑč̇ánání |
| 21 | flour | *ʔín̍áˑwí |
| 22 | excrement | *ʔiˑsa |
| 23 | arrow | *ʔísdúwa |
| 24 | one | *ʔísgᴀ |
| 25 | meat | *ʔíšâiˑni |
| 26 | grease, lard | *ʔíṣat̍ɪ |
| 27 | porcupine | *ʔiˑṣ̍á |
| 28 | life | *ʔíyâˑní |
| 29 | hot | *ʔɨ́rɨ́ˑ |
| 30 | give | *-ʔíᴜ; *zâuʔᴜ |
| 31 | dwell | *-ʔᴜ; *gâuʔᴜ |
| 32 | leggings | *ʔúˑbᴀsdʸán̍ɪ |
| 33 | earrings | *ʔúkúˑyá-ṁɪ |
| 34 | warrior society | *ʔu̍ˑpɪ |
| 35 | sun | *ʔúṣâˑẓᴀ |
| 36 | basket | *ʔút̍áˑn̍ɪ, *ʔúˑt̍áˑn̍ɪ |
| 37 | bowl | *ʔúwáist̍án̍ɪ |
| 38 | baby | *ʔúwàˑḵa |
| 39 | match | *ʔúˑwísgɨ́zɪ |
| 40 | grandchild, grandparent | *báˑba̍ˑ |
| 41 | wake up | *-bádʸɨ; *ċíˑbádʸɨ |
| 42 | fire, to build a | *-báyᴀ; *súbáyᴀ |
| 43 | tell | *-be; *síube |
| 44 | eat | *-bᴇ; *kúbᴇ, *ku̍ˑbᴇ |
| 45 | toad | *bêˑrak̠ᴀ |
| 46 | wood, to fetch | *-bí; *súbí |
| 47 | smooth | *-bîˑrizᴀ; *ka̍ubîˑrizᴀ |
| 48 | dark | *-bɪs̆ᵻ; *ḱábɪs̆ᵻ |
| 49 | purple | *bís̆ɨ́ˑná |
| 50 | lopsided | *bíyáˑ-za |
| 51 | west | *bɨ́- |
| 52 | enter | *-bᵻ; *gúbᵻ |
| 53 | put in | *-bɨnaiʔɪ; *s̍áubɨnaiʔɪ |
| 54 | log | *bɨ́ẓâˑm̍ɪ |
| 55 | torso | *búmúˑná |
| 56 | butterfly | *búˑr̍àigᴀ |
| 57 | odor | *bùˑṣᴜ-gᴀ |
| 58 | lightning | *búẓuw̍ist̠ɪ |
| 59 | breathe | *cáˑ-gᴀ |
| 60 | breath | *càˑc̠ɪ |
| 61 | wing | *cáˑp̠ɪ |
| 62 | wall | *cèˑc̠ɪ |
| 63 | turkey | *cinᴀ |
| 64 | fox | *cúsk̠ɪ |
| 65 | fly | *c̍âˑp̠ɪ |
| 66 | angry | *-c̍ayawᴀ; *kúc̍ayawᴀ |
| 67 | broken | *c̍áyú̠-zɪ |
| 68 | chew | *-c̍êˑnazᴀ; *káʔáuc̍êˑnazᴀ |
| 69 | deep | *-c̍ɪ; *k̍ác̍ɪ |
| 70 | need | *-c̍íbᵻ; *zíuc̍íbᵻ |
| 71 | locust | *c̍íˑga |
| 72 | Zia Pueblo | *c̍íˑy̍á |
| 73 | water | *c̍ízɪ |
| 74 | rain | *-c̆ᴀ; *kàˑc̆ᴀ |
| 75 | side | *c̆áˑdʸa |
| 76 | tomorrow | *c̆ámá |
| 77 | three | *c̆émɪ |
| 78 | kiva | *c̆ídʸá |
| 79 | yellow | *-c̆in̍ɪ; *k̍uˑc̆in̍ɪ |
| 80 | burp | *-c̆úˑ-gᴀ |
| 81 | hot | *-č̇ᴀ; *gâˑc̐ᴀ |
| 82 | steal | *-c̐áwᴀ; *kúˑc̐áwᴀ |
| 83 | medicine man | *č̇áyâˑni |
| 84 | hawk | *č̇ɨ́ˑríga |
| 85 | horned toad | *dabínᴜsk̠ᴀ |
| 86 | heel | *-dák̍ᴀ; *séˑdák̍ᴀ |
| 87 | Santa Ana Pueblo | *dámáyá |
| 88 | squash | *dâˑni |
| 89 | moon | *dâw̍áˑẓᵻ |
| 90 | give | *-di; *zìudi, *gùˑdi |
| 91 | corn husk | *díˑskámí |
| 92 | feed | *-di̍ˑša (*-dîˑšaʔ); *c̍ídi̍ˑša |
| 93 | dog | *díyᴀ |
| 94 | cliff | *-dúwɪ; *kádúwɪ |
| 95 | stocking | *dúwim̍išɪ |
| 96 | pet | *-dʸáˑ; *k̍ádʸá |
| 97 | catch | *-dʸa; *zídʸa |
| 98 | bobcat | *dʸáˑdʸᴜ |
| 99 | eagle | *dʸáˑmí |
| 100 | four | *dʸâˑna |
| 101 | deer | *dʸán̍é |
| 102 | fast (abstain from eating) | *-dʸašɪ |
| 103 | early | *dʸáwa |
| 104 | gourd | *dʸáˑwí |
| 105 | piñon pine | *dʸèic̠ɪ |
| 106 | north | *dʸídʸᴀ |
| 107 | above | *dʸíní |
| 108 | elk | *dʸɨ́ˑṣᴀ |
| 109 | two | *dʸûˑ-w̍éˑ |
| 110 | badger | *dʸúˑbí |
| 111 | brother of a man | *dʸúmᵻ; *k̍ádʸyúmᵻ |
| 112 | beans | *gánami |
| 113 | white | *gášé |
| 114 | seed | *gáwɪc̠ɪ |
| 115 | morning | *gáˑyu |
| 116 | and | *gu |
| 117 | bite | *-gᴜ; *gàˑgᴜ |
| 118 | firewood | *gùˑc̠ɪ |
| 119 | bear | *gúháyᴀ |
| 120 | eight | *gúk̍úmɪšᵻ |
| 121 | sell | *-gúyᴀ; zígúyᴀ |
| 122 | east | *háˑ- |
| 123 | land | *háʔác̍ɪ |
| 124 | yucca | *háʔásc̐á |
| 125 | finger-nail | *háʔáw̍íˑc̐á-ni |
| 126 | claw | *háʔáw̍íˑc̐ánani |
| 127 | oak | *ha̍ˑbánɪ |
| 128 | feather | *háˑbí |
| 129 | navel | *hádáw̍ini |
| 130 | coals | *hâˑk̍aˑni |
| 131 | tobacco | *hâˑmiˑ |
| 132 | beard | *háˑmúšaˑni |
| 133 | long ago | *hám̍aˑ |
| 134 | hand | *hám̍ᴀsdíʔini |
| 135 | ice | *hâˑm̍éˑ |
| 136 | naked | *hánâˑm, |
| 137 | pine tree | *hâˑniˑ |
| 138 | people | *hánᴜ |
| 139 | shoe | *háˑs̐uwim̍ɪ, *háˑs̐úwím̍ɪ |
| 140 | pollen | *háˑt̍awé |
| 141 | who | *háu |
| 142 | yawn | *háu-gᴀ |
| 143 | snow | *háˑwéˑ |
| 144 | stalk (of a plant) | *háwiẓɨni |
| 145 | prayer-stick | *háẓam̍ɨni |
| 146 | hair | *háˑẓɨ́nɪ |
| 147 | Jemez Pueblo | *héˑmíšíˑ-cɪ, *héˑmíšíˑ-zé |
| 148 | cloud | *hénat̍ɪ |
| 149 | turtle | *héyᴀdʸɪ |
| 150 | fog | *héyàˑšɪ |
| 151 | I, we | *hínᴜ |
| 152 | knife | *hìˑsgai |
| 153 | arrowhead | *hìˑst̍íyaˑni |
| 154 | you | *híṣᴜ |
| 155 | road | *híyâˑni |
| 156 | seed | *híˑẓɨni |
| 157 | willow | *híẓᵻsk̍áwa |
| 158 | dove | *húˑʔùˑga |
| 159 | saliva | *húˑbɨ́nɪ |
| 160 | wool | *hùˑséní |
| 161 | yucca fruit | *hùˑsk̍ani |
| 162 | sky | *húwak̍ᴀ |
| 163 | eye | *húwanáʔani |
| 164 | milk | *húwîˑni |
| 165 | hear | *-káˑ; *k̍ákáˑ |
| 166 | see | *k̠ᴀčᴀ; *gùˑk̠ᴀčᴀ, *gúˑk̠ᴀčᴀ |
| 167 | summer | *káṣâidɪ |
| 168 | broken | *káyú-zɪ |
| 169 | antelope | *kɨ́ˑc̠ɪ |
| 170 | burn | *kɨ́ˑẓᵻ-gᴀ |
| 171 | situated | *-k̠ᴜ; *ga̍ˑk̠ᴜ |
| 172 | winter | *kúˑkᵻ |
| 173 | thread a needle | *-kûˑyau; *zíkûˑyau |
| 174 | mouth | *-k̍ᴀ; *c̍îˑk̍ᴀ, *zîˑk̍ᴀ |
| 175 | wolf | *k̍ákana |
| 176 | spider | *k̍ámᴀsk̠ᵻ |
| 177 | heat of the sun | *k̍ánani |
| 178 | rainbow | *k̍ásdʸâˑc̍ɪ |
| 179 | moss | *k̍áwina |
| 180 | ten | *k̍ázɪ |
| 181 | friend | *-k̍îˑni, *k̍áuk̍îˑni |
| 182 | clown | *k̍ɨṣáirí |
| 183 | woman | *k̍úˑ, *k̍úwí |
| 184 | wife | *-k̍ui; *k̍âuk̍ui |
| 185 | sister of a man | *-k̍ûiẓᴀ; *k̍ák̍ûiẓᴀ |
| 186 | string (noun) | *-k̍úmɪ; *ċíuk̍úmɪ, *kúk̍úmíná |
| 187 | last night | *k̍úṣᴀ |
| 188 | mountain | *k̍úˑtí |
| 189 | game animal | *k̍úyàitɪ |
| 190 | old woman | *k̍úˑyáu-ẓá |
| 191 | thigh | *-maˑ; *kâˑmaˑ |
| 192 | girl | *ma̍ˑgɨ́ˑ-za |
| 193 | leaf | *másâˑni |
| 194 | boy | *mɨ́ˑdéˑ |
| 195 | kill | *-mɨdʸɪzᴀ; *gúmɨdʸɪzᴀ |
| 196 | black | *mɨ̂ˑnagan̍ɪ |
| 197 | buttocks | *-múc̐ᴀ; *gáumūc̐ᴀ |
| 198 | mountain lion | *mûˑk̍aiẓᴀ |
| 199 | dented | *múr̍ᴀ-zɪ |
| 200 | buffalo | *múšêiẓᴀ |
| 201 | soapweed | *múšɪ |
| 202 | house | *-m̍ᴀ; *gâˑm̍ᴀ |
| 203 | clay | *m̍íˑc̍ɪ |
| 204 | seven | *m̍àidʸaˑna |
| 205 | dipper | *m̍ák̍ᴀ |
| 206 | word | *m̍áˑní |
| 207 | palm of the hand | *-m̍aˑp̠ᴀ; *gám̍aˑp̠ᴀ |
| 208 | moth | *m̍ídá |
| 209 | others | *m̍ídá |
| 210 | salt | *m̍ína |
| 211 | ashes | *m̍ísc̐ai |
| 212 | alkali | *m̍íst̠ɪ |
| 213 | hummingbird | *m̍îˑzᴀ |
| 214 | salty | *-m̍ᵻ; *zéˑm̍ᵻ |
| 215 | leave | *-m̍ᵻ; *gúmᵻ |
| 216 | eye | *-ná; *k̍âˑná |
| 217 | new | *nàˑceˑ |
| 218 | food | *nác̍í |
| 219 | stomach | *-nac̐ᴀɪ |
| 220 | head | *-násgái; *gánásgái |
| 221 | uncle, nephew | *-náwé; *k̍áˑnáwé |
| 222 | mother | *-nâˑya; *kánâˑya |
| 223 | know | *-ni; *gúni |
| 224 | rubber | *nɨ́ˑʔɨ́ẓᵻ |
| 225 | prairie dog | *nɨ́t̠ɪ |
| 226 | separate | *núwáiná |
| 227 | survive | *n̍ám̍ᴀzᴀ; *kín̍ám̍ᴀzᴀ |
| 228 | body | *n̍í; *sín̍í |
| 229 | down | *n̍ɨ́ |
| 230 | lungs | *pánᴀc̠ɪ |
| 231 | bag | *pâˑni |
| 232 | bedbug | *peséc̍uru |
| 233 | cracked | *pét̍ᴀ-gᴀ |
| 234 | forehead | *-pɪ; *k̍ùˑp̠í |
| 235 | buckskin | *pìˑc̠ɪ |
| 236 | flat | *písc̐ᴀ-zɪ |
| 237 | skin | *písc̐ánani |
| 238 | blow | *-pùˑzᴀ; *síupùˑzᴀ |
| 239 | salamander | *p̍águra |
| 240 | good | *ráwáˑ |
| 241 | rabbit | *rèˑdʸᴀ |
| 242 | fat | *rîˑwagan̍ɪ |
| 243 | small | *rɨ́ˑ- |
| 244 | all | *sái |
| 245 | sun rays | *-sbí; *gáisbí |
| 246 | woodpecker | *sbíga |
| 247 | chicken | *sbíˑná |
| 248 | string (verb) | *-sbíẓᴀ; *kúsbíẓᴀ |
| 249 | jug | *sbúˑná |
| 250 | burst | *sc̐ác̍ɪ-gᴀ |
| 251 | meadowlark | *sc̐áˑná |
| 252 | cut hair | *sc̐ánᴀwᴀ; *kúsc̐ánᴀwᴀ |
| 253 | twilight | *sc̐áp̠ᵻˑgᴀ |
| 254 | grasshopper | *sc̐ár̍ɪ |
| 255 | tender | *sc̐áẇᵻ-zɪ |
| 256 | trousers | *-sc̐áẓán̍ɪ; *ẇíˑsc̐áẓán̍ɪ, *áisc̐áẓán̍ɪ |
| 257 | fast | *sc̐áẓɨ́ˑ |
| 258 | squeal | *-sc̐èˑzᴀ; *gúˑsc̐èˑzᴀ |
| 259 | six | *sc̐ísᴀ |
| 260 | crow | *sc̐ɨ́r̍á |
| 261 | swallow | *sc̐úˑ-sᴇ |
| 262 | wild honey | *sc̐úmᵻ |
| 263 | cough | *sc̐úṣᴜ-sᴇ |
| 264 | mosquito | *sc̐úy̍úˑná |
| 265 | breeze | *-sdayᴀ; *zèˑsdayᴀ |
| 266 | foot | *-sdi; *kásdi |
| 267 | temple | *-sduˑ; *sèusduˑ |
| 268 | suck | *-sdʸᴀ; *zíˑsdʸᴀ |
| 269 | brown | *-sdʸɪrɪ; *k̍ùisdʸɪrɪ |
| 270 | fill | *-sé; *c̍íˑsé |
| 271 | sure | *se̍ˑgᴀ |
| 272 | fur | *-séˑn̍é; *kúséˑn̍é |
| 273 | twisted | *sgɨ́ẓᵻ-zɪ |
| 274 | ant | *síˑʔí |
| 275 | squirrel | *síˑdʸᴀ |
| 276 | flesh | *sínani |
| 277 | eyelash | *-síp̠ᴀ; *ciˑsíp̠ᴀ |
| 278 | bird, sp. | *sír̍úˑ |
| 279 | mouse | *síyan̍ᵻ |
| 280 | wrong doing | *sìˑ-zɪ |
| 281 | middle | *sɨ́nᴀ |
| 282 | bighorn sheep | *skàˑsk̠ᴜ |
| 283 | blue, green | *-sk̠ᵻ-, *k̍ùisk̠ᵻ |
| 284 | giant | *skúˑy̍ᴜ |
| 285 | drink | *-sk̍ᴀ; *gísk̍ᴀ |
| 286 | bullsnake | *sk̍áʔáˑdʸᴜ |
| 287 | fish | *sk̍àˑšᵻ |
| 288 | turn around | *-sk̍ɨ́ˑʔᵻẓᴀɪ; *sa̍isk̍ɨ́ˑʔᵻẓᴀɪ |
| 289 | round | *sk̍ɨ́r̍ɪ-zɪ |
| 290 | spherical | *sk̍úrú-zɪ |
| 291 | peas | *sk̍úrúˑná |
| 292 | plate | *spéráˑná, *pérazɪšɪ |
| 293 | dwarf corn | *spíníní |
| 294 | chicken pox | *spúrúˑná |
| 295 | peck | *-sp̍ék̍ᴜzᴀ; *kúsp̍ék̍ᴜzᴀ |
| 296 | singe hair | *-st̍amuc̐ᴀzᴀ; *c̍ást̍amuc̐ᴀzᴀ |
| 297 | get water | *-st̍á; *kúst̍á |
| 298 | give liquid | *-st̍i |
| 299 | melt | *-st̍ɪt̠ᴜ; *c̍íst̍ɪt̠ᴜ |
| 300 | straight | *-st̍ɨ́ˑ-zɪ |
| 301 | die | *-st̍ᴜ; *kùˑst̍ᴜ |
| 302 | pointed | *-st̍úk̍ᴜ-zɪ |
| 303 | sharp | *-st̍úw̍ɪ-zɪ |
| 304 | yesterday | *súwá, *súˑ |
| 305 | step | *-šᴀ; *kášᴀ |
| 306 | parrot | *šâˑwit̠ᴀ |
| 307 | flea, louse | *šínaˑ |
| 308 | hip | *šᵻbᴀ |
| 309 | goose | *šúˑdá |
| 310 | snake, sp. | *šùˑga |
| 311 | corpse | *šûˑmɨˑ |
| 312 | spit | *šúp̠ᵻ-sᴇ |
| 313 | turquoise | *šúwimu |
| 314 | borrow | *-s̐iˑzᴀ; *síus̐iˑzᴀ |
| 315 | scattered | *ṣám̍áˑ |
| 316 | torn | *ṣárɪ-gᴀ |
| 317 | raw | *ṣící |
| 318 | blue jay | *ṣúisɪ |
| 319 | snake | *ṣûˑwiˑ |
| 320 | crooked | *ṣúw̍ɪ-zɪ |
| 321 | five | *tâˑm̍ᴀ |
| 322 | work | *-tâˑn̍iẓᴀ; *kútâˑn̍iẓᴀ |
| 323 | esteem | *ténéˑ-gu |
| 324 | teeth | *-t̠ɪ; *za̍ˑt̠ɪ |
| 325 | back | *t̠ɪdʸᴀ; *k̍át̠ɪdʸᴀ |
| 326 | full | *-t̍á; *gíˑt̍á |
| 327 | step on | *t̍ᴀ; *zîˑt̍ᴀ |
| 328 | visit | *-t̍àˑnᴇ; *gúˑt̍àˑnᴇ |
| 329 | grind | *-t̍ɪwᴀ; *káʔâˑt̍ɪwᴀ |
| 330 | tongue | *wáˑčɨ́n̍ɪ |
| 331 | dress, shirt | *wágɨn̍ɪ |
| 332 | bird snare | *wáˑsɪ |
| 333 | young of animal | *wa̍ˑst̍ɪ |
| 334 | soft | *wáṣ̍ᴀ-zɪ |
| 335 | medicine | *wáˑwá |
| 336 | root | *wáˑwáiẓɨni |
| 337 | brother of a woman | *-waẓᵻ; *k̍áwaẓᵻ |
| 338 | stir | *-wáẓᵻša; *síwáẓᵻša, *síwáẓᵻšayᴀ |
| 339 | chest | *-wic̍ɪ; *gáwic̍ɪ |
| 340 | neck | *-wîˑẓa; *gáwîˑẓa |
| 341 | face | *-wa; *k̍úwa, *k̍úwaw̍ɪ |
| 342 | abalone shell | *w̍a̍ˑbɨ́nɪ |
| 343 | eagle down | *w̍abúˑsc̐ᴀ |
| 344 | hunt | *-w̍àˑnᴇ; *súw̍àˑnᴇ |
| 345 | sour | *-w̍ᴀsdá; *k̍áw̍ᴀsdá |
| 346 | son-in-law | *-w̍a̍ˑti; *k̍áw̍a̍ˑti |
| 347 | duck | *w̍âˑyuṣᴀ |
| 348 | sweet | *-w̍eˑʔᴇ; *kúw̍eˑʔᴇ |
| 349 | child | *-w̍ɪ; *k̍âˑw̍ɪ |
| 350 | heart | *w̍ínᴜsgᴀ |
| 351 | cigarette | *w̍ìˑsp̍ɪ |
| 352 | born | *-yá; *cíyá |
| 353 | sand | *yáʔái |
| 354 | corn silk | *yábášɪ |
| 355 | corn | *yáˑčínɪ |
| 356 | mesquite | *yêˑt̠ᴜ |
| 357 | worm | *yúʔúbɨ́ |
| 358 | intestines | *y̍áʔáwâˑni |
| 359 | staff of office | *y̍áˑbí |
| 360 | look for (singular object) | *-y̍áibᴀ; *zíy̍áibᴀ |
| 361 | find | *-y̍âin̍ᴀ; *zíy̍âin̍ᴀ |
| 362 | brains | *y̍àˑsbu̍ˑẓaˑni |
| 363 | stone | *y̍âuni |
| 364 | stick | *y̍áw̍ᴀstí |
| 365 | crippled | *y̍âˑyu |
| 366 | arm | *-y̍ûˑm̍ɪ; *cíy̍ûˑm̍ɪ, *gáy̍ûˑm̍ɪ |
| 367 | song | *y̍ûˑni |
| 368 | shoulder | *y̍úˑsbiˑni |
| 369 | corn cob | *y̍úˑskúm̍á |
| 370 | sing | *-y̍ùˑtᴀ; *súy̍ùˑtᴀ |
| 371 | no | *zá |
| 372 | say | *-za; *k̍áza |
| 373 | plains | *zàˑdʸa |
| 374 | old | *záwini |
| 375 | language | *zêˑni |
| 376 | lie down | *-zi; *káʔáizi |
| 377 | go (singular) | *zùˑ-gᴜ |
| 378 | pay | *-zúwᴀ; *zíˑzúwᴀ |
| 379 | horn | *-ẓᴀ; *záẓᴀ |
| 380 | awake | *-ẓáˑčúwᴀ; *ki̍ˑẓáˑčúwᴀ, *kíˑẓáˑčúwᴀ |
| 381 | club | *ẓàic̠ɪ |
| 382 | husband | *ẓɨ́; *k̍áˑẓɨ́ |
| 383 | house | *-ẓᵻ; *káẓᵻ |
| 384 | smoke (tobacco) | *ẓᵻkᴀ; *ka̍ˑẓᵻkᴀ |
References
[edit]- ^ Miller, Wick R. and Davis, Irvine. 1963. Proto-Keresan phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics 29: 310-330.