-INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF MALUNGGAY (Moringa oleifera), AMPALAYA

(Momordica charantia), AND SUNFLOWER (Heliantus annus) LEAF

EXTRACTS TO COCKROACH (Periplaneta americana)

A Research Proposal presented to

The Faculty, Special Science Class

Iloilo National High School

Lapaz, Iloilo City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for Completion

In Research I

Alipala, Rowen Franz D.

Deloviar, Joshua Darren M.

Hallares, Sam Dominic T.

Tan, Adrian Dominic l.

Garillos, Alessandra Norie Ann N.

March 2019
 Table of Contents

Chapter Page

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Background of the Study

Research Objectives

Significance of the Study

Definition of Terms

Scope and Limitation of the Study

2 REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE

Sunflower

Ampalaya

Malunggay

Insecticides

Cockroaches

0REFERENCES
INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF MALUNGGAY (Moringa oleifera), AMPALAYA

(Momordica charantia), AND SUNFLOWER (Heliantus annus) LEAF

EXTRACTS TO COCKROACH (Periplaneta americana)

Alipala, Rowen Franz D.

Deloviar, Joshua Darren M.

Hallares, Sam Dominic T.

Tan, Adrian Dominic l.

Garillos, Alessandra Norie Ann N.

Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter 1 is divided into five parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2)

Research Objectives and Hypothesis (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition

of Terms, (5) Scope and Limitation of the study

Part one, Background of the study, presents the introduction of the study

and discusses the rationale and the reason why the study was conducted.
 Part two, research objectives, describes the general objectives of the

study and specific questions to be answered with corresponding hypothesis to be

testsed.

Part three, Significance of the study, enumerates the beneficiaries and the

corresponding benefits that they could derive from the findings of the study.

Part Four, definition of terms, list alphabetically technical terms used in the

study for the purpose of clarity and understanding. These terms are defined

conceptually and operationally.

Part five, scope and limitations of the study, identifies the scope and

limitations encountered during the conduct if the study. It specifies the variable,

purpose of the study, research design, statistical procedures that was used in the

study, and place and time where the study was conducted.

Background of the Study

Nowadays, people have been affected regarding of the presence of

Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) in homes of most people. Some people have

reported increasing amounts of the Periplaneta americana in homes which made

the citizens worried about it because it can be the reason of health destruction.

Now this made people come up with solutions about the current problem.

(Mueller, 2016)
 Insecticides are common item in our household tools/materials which is

basically a type of insecticide specifically made for insects. But there is a huge

problem regarding the commercial insecticide, particularly the toxic chemicals are

inhaled/ vulnerable to humans, they usually have a negative effect on different

aspects of the human health, but when extracts from plants are used on

insecticides, they become harmless to the human health. (Maximum Yield, n.d.)

Helianthus annus (Sunflower), the most common sunflower, is a large

annual forb (herb) of Genus helianthus grown as a crop for oil and its fruits. This

sunflower specie is also used as bird food, livestock forage and industrial

applications, and an ornamental in gardens. Sunflower is the non - volatile

extract pressed from seeds of sunflower. It is used as cooking oil and cosmetic

formulations as emollient. It's rich in Vitamin E and it grows abundantly in the

Philippines, so we thought of using the Sunflower extract as part of insecticide.

(FMC Agricultural Solutions, 2019)

Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), as one of the indigenous plants, used

by Aeta people of Pampanga to repel insects. The plant part that was primarily

used is leaves, specifically the dried ones. The use of leaves, specifically imply

that compound with repellent are more concentrated in these parts. The

secondary metabolites of plants are usually found in the leaves and stem since

these chemicals function to deter herbivores. The leaves and fruits yielded a

bitter principle Momoraicin, Alkaloids is present in Ampalaya Leaves, the

chemical content which is responsible for repelling the Periplaneta americana.

(Nuqui, 2014)
 Moringa oleifera (Malunggay) is a popular plant in the Philippines and all

over the world for its nutritional value. These plants grow in tropical climates such

as countries in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, etc. People tend to

use Moringa oleifera as a vegetable ingredient in cooking. Some also use this as

herbal medicine, such as healing the wounds which occur on everybody. It is an

active component of Malunggay, a substance for external application that

produces redness of the skin by causing dilation of the capillaries and increases

blood circulation. In our research/experiment, we will try and use Moringa oleifera

extract and apply it to Periplaneta americana to see if it is effective. (James,

2008)

We will counduct this study on the Insecticidal Effect of Helianthus annus

extract, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera to Periplaneta americana, in

order to find out any alternatives in order to be more efficient in using these

experimental/benificial resources. We conducted this in order to find the more

efficient, more effective and more eco - friendly way and at the same time,

controlling household pests, particularly Periplaneta americana, which would be

effective using against it in order to declare this research/experiment successful.

 Research Objective and the Hypothesis

General Objective:

This study aims to determine the Insecticidal Potential of Malunggay

(Moringa oleifera), ampalaya (Momordica charantia), and Sunflower (Heliantus

annus) leaf extracts to Cockroach (Periplaneta americana).

Specific Objective:

Specifically, this study aims to

1. Determine insecticidal potential of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera),

Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), and Sunflower (Heliantus annus) leaf extracts

to Cockroach (Periplaneta americana).

2. Compare the insecticidal potential of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera),

Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), and Sunflower (Helianthus annus) leaf

extracts of the mortality rate of Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) from the

controls.

3. Determine the significant difference in the mortality rate of the

Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) when treated with different concentrations of

(Momordica charantia), Sunflower (Helianthus annus) and Malunggay (Moringa

oleifera) compared to the controls.

4. Determine the significant difference in the insecticidal potential of

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera),Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), and Sunflower

(Helianthus annus) on the mortality rate of cockroaches compared to the

controls.

In the view of the preceding specific objectives, there hypothesis were advances

1. There is no significant difference in the mortality rate of Cockroach

(Periplaneta americana) when treated with different concentrations of

(Momordica charantia), Sunflower (Helianthus annus) and Malunggay (Moringa

oleifera) compared to the controls.

2. There is no significant difference in the insecticidal potential of

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera),Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), and Sunflower

(Helianthus annus) on the mortality rate of cockroaches compared to the

controls.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will profitable to the following:

Society: Because it can kill insects that could possibly affect their health.

Like mosquitos and cockroaches. And the organic insecticide are also more eco-

friendly

Department of Agriculture: when this study is successful the (DA)

Department of agriculture could recommend this to Farmers

 Mother Nature: Because using organic insecticides is more eco-friendly.

And away less harmful to nature and animals that are not supposed to be

affected by insecticides.

Farmers: Because when Farmers use organic insecticide, it will not

contaminate their crops.

Buyers: When these people buy fruits and vegetables that did not have

commercial insecticide in them, the food they eat will be cleaner and safer.

Definition of Terms

Ampalaya,(Momordica charantia) a vine plant that grows in tropical

countries. It has many varieties differ substantially in the shape and bitterness of

the fruit. It originated in India and was introduced into China in the 14th century. It

is also a herbal plant popular for its bitter taste but contain medical properties.

(Gua, n.d.)

In this study, it refers to the extracted Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)

used to be tested later to the cockroaches and later to be an insecticide that is

more efficient than commercial insecticides.

Cockroaches, (Periplaneta americana) are the largest species of the

common cockroach, and often considered as pest. It is colloquially known as the

water bug, through is not a true water bug since it isn't aquatic. It is also known

as the ship cockroach, kakerlac and palmetto bug. (Cochran, 1980)

 Operationally, Cockroaches will be the subject of this study that will be

treated by the said different leaf extracts. And this will show what is the outcome

of the said solutions by the mortality rate of the subjects.

Extract is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material often by

using a solvent such as ethanol or water. Extract may be sold as tincture,

absolute or in powder form. A decoction, a solution or infusion made by drawing

out from any substance that which gives its essential essence. (Merriam-

webster., n.d.)

In this study, it refers to the product extracted from the leaves and later

mixed with solvents to make the final product, the insecticide.

Insecticidal potential is the ability or strength of an insecticide to kill pests

or insects, with the least amount of doses introduced to said pests and insects.

(Maximum Yield, n.d.)

In this study, the term insecticidal potential is the term we are going to use

to determine the strength or ability of any insecticide to kill pests and insects.

Malunggay, (Moringa oleifera) is the most widely cultivates species in the

genus moringa, the only genus in the plant family Moringaecae. Malunggay is a

fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to tropical and subtropical region of

South Asia. It is widely cultivated for its young seeds pods and leaves used in

region opf South Asia and used as vegetables and for traditional herbal

medicine. It is also used for water purification. (Study moose, n.d.)

 In this study, Malunggay, (Moringa oleifera) will be the source of leaf

extract which will be used with the other extracts and applied later to the

subjects.

Sunflower (Helianthes annus) is the most common sunflower found in the

Philippines. It is a herbaceous animal plant in the family Asternaceae, grown for

its seeds. Its structure is composed of a flower head with agglomeration of many

small flowers. (Outman, November)

In this study, Sunflowers (Helianthus annus) will be used for its extract of

the leaves and later applied to the cockroach.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study aims to determine the insecticidal potential of Malunggay

(Moringa oleifera), Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), and Sunflower (Heliantus

annus) leaf extracts to Cockroach (Periplaneta americana).

Samples of Moringa oleifera, Momordica charantia and Helianthus annus

will be collected at Alimodian, Mandurriao and Barotac Nuevo Iloilo city on March

4, 2020 and will be identified at the Department of Agriculture in Iloilo city on

March 8, 2020.

The Completely Randomized Design or CRD will be used in determining

the insecticidal property at Moringa oleifera, Momordica charantia, and

Helianthus annus leaf extracts on cockroaches.

 The experimental groups of this study will be comprised of 100% 75%,

50% and 25% leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera, Momordica charantia, and

Helianthus annus compared to the control groups positive control will be the

commercial insecticide and the negative control will be subjects that is not

treated in three replicates each.

To describe the data needed, the mean and the standard destination will

be used to descriptive analysis.

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter deals with the review of related literature to this study. This

chapter is divided into topics, namely (1) Sunflower, (2) Ampalaya, (3)

Malunggay, (4) Insecticides, (5) Cockroaches, (6) Summary and (7) Conceptual

Framework of the Study

Part One, Sunflower, introduces Sunflower and its specific qualities.

Part Two, Ampalaya, introduces Ampalaya and its specific qualities.

Part Three, Malunggay, introduces Malunggay and its specific qualities.

Part Four, Insecticide, introduces Insecticide, its disadvantages and

possible alternatives.
 Part Five, Cockroaches, introduces Cockroaches and the effects,

especially in homes.

Part Six, Summary, gives ideas of important concepts and studies cited in

this chapter.

Part Seven, Conceptual Framework, gives the conceptual basis and

systematically organized data.

Sunflower

Wild sunflowers (Tithonia diversifolia) are native to Americans and it

possesses large in Florence's. It is a prolific shrub and has dark green leaves

and is commonly found on hedges, farms, roadsides, and in the wasteland. It's

structure is composed of a flower head with agglomeration of many small

flowers. Each sterile ray flower along the perimeter of the head bears yellow

petals (Polson, 2010). Recent studies conducted Maina (2010) states that

TITHONA is changing lives of farmers in Kenya as it replenishes soil fertility. It

also states that is that it produces a lot of biomass and contains high amounts of

nitrogen. They vary in color such as yellow, maroon, orange and other colors. In

the Philippines the most common is colored yellow (Outman, 1990).. Sunflower

(Helianthus annuus) belong to the family astaraceae. It's structure is commonly

composed of a flower head with agglomeration of many small flowers. Bears

yellow petals fertilization of many concentire whorls of disk flowers that occupy

the central eye results in the production of achenes (seeds) (Outman, 1990).
During the months of September, the fields and roadsides of the treat plains,

erupts blazes of many sunflower and goldenrods that make their presence known

to local pollinating insects. There are eleven species of sunflower recorded from

Kansas. (Outman, 1990)

Ampalaya

Ampalaya is also known as bitter melon or bitter gourd. Momordica

charantia is the scientific name of ampalaya. The hebaceous,tendril-bearing vine

grows to 5m. It bears simple alternative leaves 4-12 cm across with 3-7 deeply

Separated lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow male and female flowers.

(Carreos, 2015)

Seeds and pith appears white while unripe fruits they are not intensely

bitter and can be removed before cooking or using. The skin is tender and edible.

Ampalaya comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. The typical Chinese

phenotype is 20-30 cm long. The bitter melon more typical of India has a

narrower shape with pointed ends and a surface covered with jagged triangular

teeth and ridges Bitter gourd or ampalaya predominantly grows in tropical

areas,including parts of Asia East Africa the Caribbean and South Antartica

where it is used as both food as well as medicine.(Nelz, 2016)

 Malunggay

The most widely cultivated species of the Genus moringa, which is the

only Genus in the family Moringacecae. It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable

tree with a variety of potential uses (Malunggay, 2010).

The tree grows as high as 9m, with a soft and white wood, corky, and

gummy bark. Root has the taste of horseradish. Each compound leaf contains 3

– 9 very thin leaflets disperse on a compound (3 times pinnate) stalk. Flowers are

white and fragrant, producing long, pendulous, a – ribbed pods, with 3 –angle –

winged seeds (Malunggay, 2010).

These are introduced from Malaya or some part of tropical Asia in

prehistoric times. grown in the Philippines as a backyard vegetable and a border

plant. Drought resistant and grows in all kinds of well – drained soils (Malunggay,

2010).

All parts of the Malunggay tree are usable for nutritional and medical

purposes – from the roots, to the seeds. These are famous ingredients in soup.

Can be eaten raw and can be made tea. And these are scraped and squeezed

for its juice clean wounds (Malunggay, 2010.) This is squeezed and applied to

(Caigoy, March 2012) many kinds of bugs. (Daniel, 2014)

 Insecticides

Insecticides are very common, because they are very efficient at killing or

eliminating the pests and are very easy to come by. But most of the modern

synthetics used for insecticides can also be harmful to humans and their house

pests. But from the study which was named, "Serenpida et al 2013", it is stated

that there are over 1,500 species of plants that could have insecticidal value, and

more are being discovered every year.

Cockroaches

Cockroaches are one of the most abhorred insects, are the most primitive,

considered by homeowners and entomologists not only as ordinary insects but

one of the most household pests. They excrete a very unpleasant odor and

contaminate food items. They are carriers of bacterial and viral diseases too.

Because cockroaches are elusive, their habits and presence is often

unsuspected. They are difficult to eliminate especially the smaller ones. This is

because of their main characteristic, being nocturnal. Cockroaches can be

eliminated and controlled in many different ways, but the most common solution

is through the use of repellents (Arif, 2013).

 Summary

Momordica charantia (Ampalaya), is a vine plant that grows in tropical

countries. It has many varieties which differ substantially in the shape and

bitterness of the fruit. It is also a herbal plant popular for its bitter taste and its

medical properties. Moringa oleifera (Malunggay), is the most widely cultivated

species in the Genus moringa. It is a fast – growing, drought – resistant tree,

native to tropical and subtropical regions of South Asia. It can also be used for

water purification.

Helianthus annus (Sunflower), is the most common sunflower around the

Phiippines. It is a herbaceous animal plant in the family Asteracaee, grown for its

seeds. Its structure is composed of agglomation of many small flowers with a

flower head. Periplaneta Americana (Cockroach), are the largest species of the

common cockroach, and often considered as pest. It is colloquially known as the

waterbug, though it is not a true waterbug since it isn’t aquatic.

 Conceptual Framework of the Study

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

100%, 75%, 50% and 25% leaf Mortality Rate of Cockroaches and
extracts of Moringa oleifera,
Momordica charantia, and Insecticidal Potential
Helianthus annus

Control Variable

Positive control: Commercial

Insecticide

Negative control: No treatment

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