Grade 9 Self Study Guide Teacher Guide

Natural Sciences Grade 9
Self-Study Guide
Teacher’s Guide
De Jack
CELLS AS THE BASIC UNITS OF LIFE
CELL STRUCTURE
(a) A cell is the fundamental structural unit of organisms.
(b) Cells are responsible for the following activities:
 Providing a structure for the body
 Assist in the growth of organisms by dividing themselves.
 Take nutrients from food and convert them into energy.
(c) Cells are too small to see with a naked eye and can only be seen through a microscope
(microscopic).
PARTS OF THE CELL

 A cell comprises the following organelles:
Cell membrane
 A thin semipermeable layer of protein and
fat that surrounds the cell
Function
 It controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Cell wall
 Cell wall is an organelle made of cellulose and only found in plant cells.
Functions
(a) Protects the cell organelles
(b) Gives the cell strength and structure or shape.
Cytoplasm
 The word “cyto” means a cell and “plasm”
means a fluid.
 It is a gel-like appearance mainly composed of
water with enzymes, salts, organelles and
organic molecules.
Grade 9 Self Study Guide 2 Teachers’ Guide

Functions
(a) It houses the cell’s organelles
(b) Give shape to the cell
(c) Supports biochemical reactions like respiration.
Nucleus
 A nucleus is an organelle that is enclosed by a membrane.
 A nucleus is found in most cells except bacteria and blue green
algae (found in eukaryotic cells) and is normally the biggest
organelle in the cell.
Functions:
(a) A nucleus contains the DNA or carries the genes of the
organism, e.g. colour of the eyes etc.
(b) It controls and regulates the activities in the cell, e.g. growth and metabolism).
Mitochondria
 Mitochondrion is an organelle with a round to oval shape.
Function
 It generates energy for the activities of the cell or release energy from
food.
Vacuole
 It is an organelle in the cell filled with cell sap.
Function
 It stores water, food and metabolic waste.

Chloroplast
 Chloroplast is a cell organelle found in plants, algae and
cyanobacteria and more concentrated in the leaves.
 Has a high concentration of chlorophyll.
 Found in plant leaves surrounded by guard cells.
Functions
 Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
 Produce energy for the cell through photosynthesis.
ACTIVITY 1: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
Plant Cell Animal Cell
o Chloroplast o No chloroplast
o Vacuole o Small or no vacuole
o Cell wall o No cell wall
o Rigid or regular shape due to o Irregular shape since it does
cell wall not have a cell wall
Answer the following questions
1. Define what a cell is. ______________________________________________________

 A cell is the smallest building block of an organism
2. What are the three things cells are responsible for? ______________________________
 Providing a structure for the body
 Assist in the growth of organisms by dividing themselves.
 Take nutrients from food and convert them into energy.

3. What is the meaning of microscopic? __________________________________________
 Something that is too small to see with a naked eye or requires a microscope to
see.
4. Describe the following organelles:
A. Cell membrane__________________________________________________________
 A thin semipermeable layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell
B. Cytoplasm______________________________________________________________
 It is a gel-like organelle mainly composed of water with enzymes, salts, organelles
and organic molecules
5. What are the functions of the following organelles?
A. Cell membrane__________________________________________________________
 Controls what leaves or enters the cell
B. Cell wall________________________________________________________________
 Mainly gives the cell strength and structure or shape.
C. Cytoplasm _____________________________________________________________
 It houses the cell’s organelles
 Give shape to the cell
 Supports biochemical reactions like respiration.
6. Describe the following organelles:
A. Nucleus_____________________________________________________________
 A nucleus is an organelle that is enclosed by a membrane and is normally the
biggest organelle in the cell.
B. Mitochondria_________________________________________________________
 Mitochondrion is an organelle with a round to oval shape.
C. Chloroplast___________________________________________________________
 Chloroplast is a cell organelle found in plants, algae and cyanobacteria and more
concentrated in the leaves.
D. Vacuole_____________________________________________________________
 It is an organelle in the cell filled with cell sap or fluid which is empty of cytoplasm.

7. What are the functions of the following organelles?
A. Nucleus_____________________________________________________________
 A nucleus contains the DNA or carries the genes of the organism, e.g. colour of the
eyes etc.
 It controls and regulates the activities in the cell, e.g. growth and metabolism).
B. Mitochondria_________________________________________________________
 It generates energy for the activities of the cell or release energy from food.
C. Chloroplast___________________________________________________________
 Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
 Produce energy for the cell through photosynthesis.
D. Vacuole_____________________________________________________________
 It stores water, food and metabolic waste.
8. Tabulate the differences between a plant and an animal cell.

_____________________________________________________________________
Plant Cell Animal Cell
o Chloroplast o No chloroplast
o Vacuole o Small or no vacuole
o Cell wall o No cell wall
o Rigid or regular shape due to cell wall o Irregular shape since it does not have a
cell wall
PRACTICAL
AIM: To build a 3D model of a cell
C. GOAL
 What is your goal in this practical activity?
_______________________________________________________________________ (2)

D. APPARATUS:
 Choose between: edible materials and non-edible materials

 Plasticine or clay, Styrofoam, tennis ball/golf ball / roll on ball, beads, dry noodles, dry
beans, buttons, rubber bands, toothpicks, construction paper, cardboard / box.
E. METHOD:
Show the following parts in your model:
 Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus,

mitochondria, vacuoles and
chloroplasts
 Start with the base of the model then
include the other organelles.
 Use the shown diagram to refer to.
F. MARKING GUIDELINE
Focus 2 – Poor 3 – Meets 4 – Good 5 – Excellent

expectations
Structure (strong and good looking)
Effort and neatness
Materials used
(15)
G. Give the functions of at least three organelles in a cell.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(3)

ACTIVITY 2: CELLS IN TISSUES, ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
(a) Cells have different sizes and shapes.

(b) Cells are specialized in their functions, e.g. brain cells, muscle cells.
(c) Bacteria are made up of a single cell while some organisms consist of millions of
cells.
(d) Cells combine and work together to form a tissue.
(e) Combined tissues form an organ. An organ is a group of tissues performing the
same functions.
(f) Organs work together to form a system, e.g. digestive system, excretory system.
(g) Systems work together to form an organism.
Answer the following questions:
1. Describe cells sizes. ____________________________________________________
 Cells have different sizes and shapes.

2. What is a tissue? ______________________________________________________
 A tissue is a combination of cells work together.
3. Describe an organ and also give five examples of organs. ______________________
 Organ is a group of tissues performing the same functions, e.g. the heart, eye, kidney
etc.
4. Identify three human body systems. _______________________________________
 Digestive system, excretory system, respiratory system, etc.
5. What is an organism? _________________________________________________
 An organism a living being made or parts that are mutually independent.

RESEARCH
 Conduct a research about stem cell. In your research also focus on ethical issues.
 Use the internet and other available resources.
 Your research should at least be 2 pages long.
 Report back your class in groups of two / pairs.
MICROSCOPE
A. Objective lens – Produce required magnification

B. Arm – supports the lenses
C. Stage – holds the slides
D. Stage clips – hold the slide in place
E. Diaphragm – Controls the passage of light
F. Base – supports the microscope and contain
electronics
G. Light source – shines bright light through
H. Course focus – moves stage up and down
I. Fine focus – used to make small focus
adjustments
J. Eyepiece – for viewing enlarged object
K. Body tube – light passage to the eyepiece
PREPARING A SLIDE
MATERIALS
 scalpel or knife
 forceps
 onion
 dissecting needle
 microscope slides
 coverslips
 medicine dropper

 tissue paper or filter paper
 distilled water / bottled water
 iodine solution
 light microscope
METHOD
A. Cut the onion into quarters.
B. Use forceps to pull or peel a small piece of the very thin
membrane-like epidermis lining off one of the inner layers of
the onion.
C. Place the epidermis on the slide.
D. Cover the slide with 2 – 3 drops of water.
E. Gently lower a coverslip onto the cell.
F. Hold the coverslip up with a dissection needle and gently lower
the slip.
G. Wipe off excess fluid around the edge of the coverslip.
H. Adjust the low power objective lens to be is in line with the
eyepiece.
I. Switch on the lamp or use the mirror to reflect the light onto
your stage.
J. Place the prepared slide onto the stage and secure it with the stage clips.
K. Look through the eyepiece and use the fine focus to focus your image.
L. Use the fine focus to magnify your cells and draw your observation.

ACTIVITY 3: SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY
Body systems
The human body comprises different systems that work together.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 The purpose of the digestive system is to break down food into absorbable substances or
nutrients used by the body for growth, energy and the repair of cells.
 The processes in digestive system are ingestion (eating), digestion (breaking down),
absorption and egestion or excretion.
 The organs that are part of the digestive system are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach,
liver, small and large intestines.
Health issues
 Ulcers, anorexia nervosa, diarrhoea and liver cirrhosis
Ulcers
 Ulcers are open sores in stomach wall.
 Ulcers happen when the mucus layer no longer functions properly causing the acid to
cause damage to the stomach tissue.
 Ulcers are also caused by prolonged use of inflammatory drugs like aspirin or bacterial
infection.

Anorexia nervosa
 Anorexia nervosa is excessive self-food restriction to avoid gaining weight. This is done
mainly by teenagers.
Liver cirrhosis
 Liver cirrhosis is a disease preventing the proper functioning of the liver by limiting blood
flowing through the liver. It is caused by long term exposure to toxins like alcohol and
infections.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 The purpose of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients to body cells and remove
wastes from the body.
 The process involves blood circulation which happens between the heart, the lungs and
the rest of the body.
 The constituents of the circulatory system include veins, arteries, capillaries, blood
vessels and the main organ which is the heart.
The heart
 The heart is about the size of two hands held together.
 It keeps the circulatory system working by continuously pumping blood.

BLOOD VESSELS
(a) The three types of blood vessels are: arteries, veins and capillaries.
(b) Capillaries are very thin blood vessel just one cell thick.
(c) Capillary carries blood to and from the body’s cells.
(d) The veins transport blood under low pressure towards the heart.
(e) Veins have valves that allow blood to flow in the correct direction but close if blood
starts to flow in the wrong direction.
(f) Arteries transport blood under high pressure away from the heart.
HEALTH ISSUES
 Health issues related to the circulatory system include; high blood pressure, heart attack
and stroke.
(a) Heart attack (Coronary thrombosis) occurs when one of the arteries supplying the heart
with blood gets blocked by a blood clot.
(b) Stroke is caused by a condition caused by bleeding from a raptured artery in the brain or
the artery and is often the result of high blood pressure.
(c) High blood (hypertension) pressure puts stress on the heart.

1. What are the seven body systems you have studied so far?
_________________________________________________________________________
 Musculoskeletal system
 Respiratory system
 Digestive system
 Excretory system
 Reproductive system
 Circulatory system
2. Discuss the importance of the digestive system.

_________________________________________________________________________
 The purpose of the digestive system is to break food into absorbable substances.
3. Identify the three diseases related to digestive system.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Ulcers, anorexia nervosa, diarrhoea and liver cirrhosis
4. Discuss the symptoms of the three diseases related to the digestive system.
_________________________________________________________________________
Ulcers
 Ulcers are open sores in stomach wall.
 Ulcers happen when the mucus layer no longer functions properly causing the acid to
cause damage to the stomach tissue.
 Ulcers are also caused by prolonged use of inflammatory drugs like aspirin or bacterial
infection.
Anorexia nervosa
 Anorexia nervosa is excessive self-food restriction to avoid gaining weight. This is done
mainly by teenagers.

5. Which system is responsible for transporting food nutrient to different parts of the body?
_________________________________________________________________________
 The circulatory system
6. What are the three parts of blood vessels?
_________________________________________________________________________
 The three types of blood vessels are: arteries, veins and capillaries.
7. Discuss the difference between veins and arteries.

_________________________________________________________________________
 The veins transport blood under low pressure towards the heart while arteries
transport blood under high pressure away from the heart.
8. What are the three health conditions related to the circulatory system?
_________________________________________________________________________
 Heart attack
 Stroke.
 High blood (hypertension)
9. Discuss each of the conditions related to the circulatory system.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Heart attack (Coronary thrombosis) occurs when one of the arteries supplying the
heart with blood gets blocked by a blood clot.
 Stroke is caused by a condition caused by bleeding from a raptured artery in the
brain or the artery and is often the result of high blood pressure.
 High blood (hypertension) pressure puts stress on the heart.

ACTIVITY 4: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the body while getting rid of carbon dioxide. The
organs that constitute the respiratory system assist with the distribution. The alveoli (grape-
like) and the ducts (alveolar) play the main role.
Inhalation
(a) Air is taken in (inhalation) through the nose (nasal cavity) or the mouth.
(b) The air moves through to the pharynx to the larynx to the trachea and into the lungs.
(c) Nasal cavities are lined with fine hairs known as the cilia and the mucus membrane.
(d) The cilia and the mucus membrane purify the inhaled air.
(e) The cilia trap dust.
(f) The mucus traps and kills foreign particles entering through the nose. The singular for
(g) The mucus membrane also moistens and warms up the air. cilia is cilium
(h) The mucous is antiseptic to kill bacteria on the inhaled air.
Exhalation
The air moves out of the lungs (exhalation) following the same path it came in through.
Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, diffuses out of the blood stream and is transported to
the lungs and exhaled.
Diffusion
(a) Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region
of lower concentration.
(b) The diffusion of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) takes place on the surface of the
alveoli.
(c) During diffusion, oxygen enters the blood stream and is transported to the heart.
(d) Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, diffuses out of the blood stream and is transported
to the lungs and exhaled.
(e) The respiratory muscles include the muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm at
the base of the lungs.
(f) When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and as you breathe out it relaxes.

(g) Breathing is controlled by a respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata at the base of
the brain.
1. What is the importance of the respiratory system? _______________________________
 The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the body while getting rid of carbon
dioxide.
2. Fully discuss the process inhalation. ___________________________________________
 Inhalation is an active process that takes into the lungs. This can only be possible if
the air pressure in the lungs is lower than the pressure outside the lungs
(atmospheric pressure). During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and becomes
flat by moving down. The ribs move apart from each other to make the chest and
abdomen bigger increasing the size of the lungs while creating lower air pressure in
the lungs.
3. What is diffusion? ________________________________________________________
 Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a

region of lower concentration.
4. Where in the lungs does diffusion take place? ___________________________________
 The diffusion of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) takes place on the surface of the
alveoli
5. Describe the movement of the diaphragm as you breathe in and out.
_________________________________________________________________________
 When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and as you breathe out it relaxes.

ACTIVITY 5: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
HEALTH ISSUES
Health issues related to the respiratory system include asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis and
asbestosis.
(a) Asthma
 Asthma is an incurable chronic disease.
 Asthmatic attack is the result of the tightening up of muscles which inflames and
narrows the airways.
 This results in very little air being able to pass
through to and from the lungs.
 It causes recurring whistling sounds during
breathing, shortness of breath and coughing.
 Asthma can be deadly if there is no medical
assistance.
(b) Lung cancer

 The smoke in cigarettes leads to over production of mucus.
 It also affects the cilia resulting in toxic substances accumulating in the lungs.
 Smoking affects the elasticity of the lungs.
 It also causes lung cancer.
(c) Bronchitis
 Bronchitis inflames the air passage between nose, lungs and windpipe usually caused by
viral infection more prevalent in winter and more likely to affect children and the
elderly.
 People who smoke, have heart diseases and lung diseases are more likely to have acute
(severe symptoms) bronchitis.

(d) Asbestosis
 A chronic disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibre which restricts oxygen entering the
bloodstream.
1. Identify the four health issues related to the respiratory system.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Asthma
 Lung cancer
 Bronchitis
 Asbestosis
2. Fully discuss symptoms of the diseases related to the respiratory system.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Asthma - Whistling sounds during breathing, shortness of breath and coughing
 Lung cancer -
 Bronchitis
 Asbestosis
 Symptoms include cough does not go away, coughing blood, chest pain, hoarseness,
losing weight and bone pain.
3. Give full details of each of the four health issues related to the respiratory system.
_________________________________________________________________________
(a) Asthma
 Asthma is an incurable chronic disease.
 Asthmatic attack is the result of the tightening up of muscles which inflames and
narrows the airways.
 This results in very little air being able to pass through to and from the lungs.
 It causes recurring whistling sounds during breathing, shortness of breath and coughing.
 Asthma can be deadly if there is no medical assistance.

(b) Lung cancer
 The smoke in cigarettes leads to over production of mucus.
 It also affects the cilia resulting in toxic substances accumulating in the lungs.
 Smoking affects the elasticity of the lungs.
 It also causes lung cancer.
(c) Bronchitis
 Bronchitis inflames the air passage between nose, lungs and windpipe usually caused by
viral infection more prevalent in winter and more likely to affect children and the
elderly.
 People who smoke, have heart diseases and lung diseases are more likely to have acute
(severe symptoms) bronchitis.
(d) Asbestosis
 A chronic disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibre which restricts oxygen entering the
bloodstream.

ACTIVITY 6: SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
 Musculoskeletal system is one of the important systems in the human body. The
word musculoskeletal system comprises two systems, viz. muscular system and
skeletal system. The system is responsible for the following:
(a) It houses and protects organs in systems in all vertebrates
(b) Protects internal organs such as the heart, brain and liver.
(c) Give support and shape to the body.
(d) Enables movement to take place.
(e) Storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
The musculoskeletal system is made of two kinds of tissues:
(a) Soft tissues - muscles, tendons, membranes, joints capsule and ligaments
(b) Hard tissues – bones and cartilages
1. What are the two systems that relate to the musculoskeletal system?
_________________________________________________________________________
 Muscular system and skeletal system
2. Discuss the five functions of the musculoskeletal system.
_________________________________________________________________________
 It houses and protects organs in systems in all vertebrates

 Protects internal organs such as the heart, brain and liver.
 Give support and shape to the body.
 Enables movement to take place.
 Storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

3. Identify, with example, the two kinds of tissues.
_________________________________________________________________________
 Soft tissues - muscles, tendons, membranes, joints capsule and ligaments
 Hard tissues – bones and cartilages
MUSCLES
(a) Muscles ensure body motion.
(b) Muscles act in pairs and in opposing directions.
(c) Muscles are responsible for pulling the bones during motion.
(d) As one muscle contracts, the other muscle must relax to
allow movement to happen.
(f) It houses and protects organs in systems in all vertebrates

(g) Protects internal organs such as the heart, brain and liver.
(h) Give support and shape to the body.
(i) Storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
(f) Stability – stabilize the body while carrying or moving objects
(g) Posture – keeping in correct position when standing or sitting
(h) Circulation – The functioning of arteries and veins during the pumping of blood.
(i) Respiration – The contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm during respiration.
(j) Digestion – muscle movement (peristalsis) also occurs during digestion which enables
food movement.
(k) Urination – muscles control the movement of urine in and out of the bladder.
(l) Childbirth – muscles in the uterus expand and contract during childbirth.
(m) Vision – Skeletal muscles around the eye control eye movement to ensure correct
focusing.
(n) Temperature regulation – Muscle contraction helps generate body heat. Shivering is
due to increased muscle activity.

BONES
 The human body has long, short, flat and irregular bone of two types:
o Axial skeleton – on the head, neck and trunk
 Bones support, absorb shock, store salts, protect vital organs and enable movement.
 Appendicular skeleton – on the limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles
CARTILAGE
 It is a rubbery flexible tissue which serves as a cushion between bones and joints.
 It can be easily damaged resulting in joint pain, stiffness and inflammation.
TENDONS
 Tendons are flexible and inelastic fibrous tissue connecting the muscle to the bone.
LIGAMENTS
 Ligaments are found in the joints and they hold bones together.
HEALTH ISSUES
(a) Rickets – are weak bones as a result of shortage of vitamin D (mainly), calcium and
phosphorus. This results in bones becoming deformed or fractured.

(b) Arthritis - Arthritis is the inflammation of the joints. This can affect the bones,
cartilage resulting in pain, stiffness and swelling. There over 100 types of Arthritis
with different causes. It affects mainly the joints of people over the age of fifty five
but can affect anyone at any age.
(c) Osteoporosis – A medical condition which leads to weak and easily breakable bones
especially amongst the elderly. It is a result of a shortage of calcium, vitamin D or
hormonal changes.
1. What is the role played by muscles in the musculoskeletal system?

______________________________________________________________________
 Muscles ensure body motion.
 Muscles act in pairs and in opposing directions.
 Muscles are responsible for pulling the bones during motion.
 Circulation – The functioning of arteries and veins during the pumping of blood.
 Respiration – The contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm during respiration.
 Digestion – muscle movement (peristalsis) also occurs during digestion which
enables food movement.
 Urination – muscles control the movement of urine in and out of the bladder.
 Childbirth – muscles in the uterus expand and contract during childbirth.
 Vision – Skeletal muscles around the eye control eye movement to ensure correct
focusing.
 Temperature regulation – Muscle contraction helps generate body heat. Shivering is
due to increased muscle activity.
2. Discuss the movement of muscles during motion.

______________________________________________________________________
 As one muscle contracts, the other muscle must relax to allow movement to
happen

3. What is the role of bones in the musculoskeletal system?
______________________________________________________________________
 It houses and protects organs in systems in all vertebrates
 Protects internal organs such as the heart, brain and liver.
 Give support and shape to the body.
 Storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
 Stability – stabilize the body while carrying or moving objects
4. Give a description of a cartilage.

______________________________________________________________________
 It is a rubbery flexible tissue which serves as a cushion between bones and joints.
5. What could be the effect of damaging a cartilage?

______________________________________________________________________
 Joint pain, stiffness and inflammation
6. What is the role of tendons?

______________________________________________________________________
 They connect the muscle to the bone
7. What is the role of ligaments?
______________________________________________________________________
 They hold bones together
8. Identify the three health issues related to the musculoskeletal system.
______________________________________________________________________
 Rickets
 Arthritis
 Osteoporosis

9. Discuss the details of each of the three conditions related to the musculoskeletal
system.
______________________________________________________________________
 Rickets – are weak bones as a result of shortage of vitamin D (mainly), calcium
and phosphorus.
 Arthritis - Arthritis is the inflammation of the joints. This can affect the bones,
cartilage resulting in pain, stiffness and swelling. It affects mainly the joints of
people over the age of fifty five but can affect anyone at any age.
 Osteoporosis – A medical condition which leads to weak and easily breakable
bones especially amongst the elderly

ACTIVITY 7: EXCRETORY SYSTEM
 Excretory system is responsible for removing regulating body fluids while removing
metabolic wastes and toxins from the blood.
 The excretory system is essential for removing body wastes from different systems.
 Excessive water, for instance, is removed through the production of urine.
WASTES EXCRETED BY THE ORGANS

(a) Skin – sweat (Skin is the biggest organ in the human system).
(b) Lungs – Carbon dioxide and water
(c) Kidneys – Urine (urea, sodium, ammonia, uric acid, oxalate and some minerals).
(d) Lower part of the alimentary canal – faeces
HEALTH ISSUES
A. Kidney or Renal failure
 Kidney failure is when the kidneys cannot filter wastes.

 This could mean that you might need a dialysis or kidney transplant.
 In some cases treatment could get the kidneys back to their normal condition.
 Causes include; exposure to poisonous substances, diabetes, high blood pressure,
drug abuse and urinary tract problems.
B. Bladder infection
 It affects mainly women because they have a shorter urethra and bacteria can
easily
reach the bladder.
 It is also a result of insufficient fluid intake.
 It is also caused by the blockage of bladder or urethra.
 It is also a result of diabetes.
 Can also be the result of a narrowed urethra.

C. Kidney stones
 Stone resembling lumps forming in the kidney.
 The lump can be the size of a golf ball.
 Is a result of high concentration of crystal forming substance such as calcium, uric
acid and oxalate.
1. What is the role of the excretory system?

_____________________________________________________________________
 To get rid of wastes substances from the body.
2. Discuss how the excretory system deals with excess water in your body.
_____________________________________________________________________
 It is removed through the production of urine
3. Mention the four organs that are part of the excretory system.
_____________________________________________________________________
 Skin
 Lungs
 Kidneys
 Lower part of the alimentary canal
4. What are the wastes secreted by the four excretory organs?
_____________________________________________________________________
 Skin – sweat (Skin is the biggest organ in the human system).
 Lungs – Carbon dioxide and water
 Kidneys – Urine (urea, sodium, ammonia, uric acid, oxalate and some minerals).
 Lower part of the alimentary canal – faeces

5. What are the three health issues related to the excretory system?
_____________________________________________________________________
 Kidney failure
 Bladder infection
 Kidney stones
6. Research what a dialysis is. _______________________________________________

 Dialysis is the process of removing excess water, toxins and waste substances
from the blood in people whose kidneys are not functioning properly.
7. Explain in details what kidney stones are. ___________________________________
 Kidney stones are lumps forming in the kidney which can be the size of a golf ball
resulting from high concentration of crystal forming substance such as calcium,
uric acid and oxalate.
8. Discuss the causes of bladder infection. _____________________________________

 Bladder infection is a condition caused by insufficient fluid intake, blockage of
bladder or urethra and diabetes affecting mainly women because of a shorter
urethra which allows bacteria to easily reach the bladder.

ACTIVITY 7: NERVOUS SYSTEM
 A nervous system is a network of neurons that enable the body to respond to stimuli.
 The nervous system works like a network that sends messages to different parts of the
body.
 It also warns and informs the body of possible danger and telling the body how to react
in each case.
 The processes include hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting, smelling, temperature regulation
and sending and receiving impulses.
THE FIVE HUMAN SENSE ORGANS
a. Eyes – sight
b. Ears – hearing
c. Skin – touch
d. Tongue – taste
e. Nose – smell

The two parts of the central nervous system (CNS) are:
 The brain and spinal cord

(a) The spinal cord – resembles a cable made up nerves that sends messages
between the brain and the entire body system.
(b) The brain – works like a computer which controls all the activities of the body.
THE EYE
 Parts of the eye include the following:
A. The lens
 To focus light rays to reach the sensitive part of the eye.
B. The Iris
 It controls the amount of light entering the eye.
C. The pupil
 It controls the size and diameter of the iris.
THE EAR
 The functions of the ear include hearing and balancing.
The ear includes the following parts:
 The pinna – for collecting sound.

 The eardrum – to transmit sound
1. What is the nervous system?

___________________________________________________________________
 A nervous system is a network of neurons that enable the body to respond to
stimuli.
2. What are the processes related to the nervous system?

___________________________________________________________________
 The processes include hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting, smelling, temperature
regulation and sending and receiving impulses.

3. Which are the two organs that are part of central nervous system?
___________________________________________________________________
 The brain and spinal cord
4. List the five sense organs.

__________________________________________________________________
 The eye, nose, skin, eye and mouth
5. Explain the functions of the three parts of the eye. _________________________
 The lens focuses light rays to reach the sensitive part of the eye.
 The Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye.
 The pupil controls the size and diameter of the iris.
6. What are the two functions of the ear?
___________________________________________________________________
 hearing and balancing
7. Explain the roles of the pinna and the eardrum.

___________________________________________________________________
 The pinna – for collecting sound.
 The eardrum – to transmit sound

ACTIVITY 8: NERVOUS SYSTEM
HEALTH ISSUES
Deafness
 Deafness is a condition loss of hearing or impaired hearing.

 Deafness can be present at birth or can happen later due to health, environmental
factors or age.
Blindness
Blindness is visual impairment, loss of vision or inability to see or seeing to a certain

degree.
Short sightedness (Myopia)
 Is the condition of only seeing objects that are nearby.

 The condition is caused by light focusing in front of the retina instead of on the
retina.
Effects of drugs and alcohol on the brain
 The use of alcohol can lead slow reaction, brain damage and impairment, black out
and memory losses.
 Prolonged alcohol consumption can also affect structure and the efficiency of the
brain.
 Substance abuse can also lead to addiction and loss of memory at old age.
1. What are the three health issues related to the nervous system?
___________________________________________________________________
 Blindness, deafness and short sightedness (Myopia)
2. What is Myopia? _____________________________________________________
 Is a condition of only seeing objects that are nearby caused by light focusing in
front of the retina instead of on the retina.

3. What is blindness? ___________________________________________________
 Blindness is visual impairment, loss of vision or inability to see or seeing to a
certain degree.
4. What factors lead to deafness? _________________________________________
 Deafness can be present at birth or can happen later due to health,
environmental factors or age.
5. Discuss the effect of drugs and alcohol on the brain.

___________________________________________________________________
 The use of alcohol can lead slow reaction, brain damage and impairment, black
out and memory losses if prolonged it can also affect structure and the
efficiency of the brain.
Substance abuse can also lead to addiction and loss of memory at old age.

ACTIVITY 9: BODY SYSTEMS
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Reproductive system is a system whose main purpose is to produce sex cells for the purpose
of reproducing new species.
THE PROCESSES HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Growth
 It is the physical development of an organism from birth over time.
Cell division
 This is the process where a cell after reaching a certain stage, divides into two daughter
cells.
Maturation
 Maturation is the process of physical and psychological development to reach full
potential. Humans become able to reproduce at maturity.
Copulation
 It is the insertion of a male reproductive organ into female reproductive organ.
Ejaculation
 The discharge of semen from a male reproductive organ after it has been sexually
aroused or excited.
Ovulation
 It is the release of an egg from the ovary.
Menstruation
 It is the periodical discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner uterus through
the female reproductive organ except during pregnancy and menopause.
Fertilisation
 It is the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell
Implantation
 It is when the fertilised egg attaches to the wall of the uterus.

HEALTH ISSUES INVOLVING THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Infertility: Males and females unable to sexually reproduce.
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome: The long term effect of alcohol on a pregnant woman’s foetus.
STDs: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhoea can be
transferred during sexual intercourse.
1. What is reproductive system?

_________________________________________________________________________
 Reproductive system is a system whose main purpose is to produce sex cells for the
purpose of reproducing new species.
2. Discuss the following terms:
A. Growth
______________________________________________________________________
 It is the physical development of an organism from birth over time.
B. Cell division
___________________________________________________________________
 This is the process where a cell after reaching a certain stage, divides into two
daughter cells.
C. Maturation ____________________________________________________________
 Maturation is the process of physical and psychological development to reach full

potential. Humans become able to reproduce at maturity.
D. Copulation ____________________________________________________________
 It is the insertion of a male reproductive organ into female reproductive organ.
E. Ejaculation_____________________________________________________________
 The discharge of semen from a male reproductive organ after it has been sexually
aroused or excited.

F. Ovulation ______________________________________________________________
 It is the release of an egg from the ovary.
G. Menstruation __________________________________________________________
 It is the periodical discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner uterus
through the female reproductive organ except during pregnancy and menopause.
H. Fertilisation ___________________________________________________________
 It is the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell
I. Implantation ___________________________________________________________
 It is when the fertilised egg attaches to the wall of the uterus.
3. Discuss the three issues related to the reproductive system.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Infertility: Males and females unable to sexually reproduce
 Foetal Alcohol Syndrome which is a long term effect of alcohol on a pregnant woman’s
foetus and
 STDs referring to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS, syphilis and
gonorrhoea can be transferred during sexual intercourse.

ACTIVITY 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM: HUMAN REPRODUCTION
 Reproduction is important for the survival and continuation of the species.
Purpose and puberty
Puberty is a stage at which one undergoes physical and emotional changes as they reach for
adulthood.
Females Males
 Oestrogen (Sex hormone released  Testosterone (Main sex hormone released
by ovaries) by testes)
 Sex cells – ovum or egg  Sex cells – sperms
PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING PUBERTY
 Developing breast  Developing testes and scrotum
 Body shape changes (hips develop)  Deepening voice
 Pubic hair develops  Pubic hair develops
 Armpit hair grows  Armpit hair grows
 First menstruation occurs  Facial hair starts growing
 Rapid physical growth  Rapid physical growth
1. What is puberty?
_________________________________________________________________
 Puberty is a stage at which one undergoes physical and emotional changes as they
reach for adulthood.
2. Give the physical developments in males and females during puberty.

_________________________________________________________________________
(Refer to the table)

ACTIVITY 11: HUMAN REPRODUCTION
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

 The male reproductive organs are as follows: penis, sperm duct (vas deferens), testes.
Scrotum and urethra.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(a) Prostate
 It is the gland at the origin of the urethra.
 The size of a prostate is that of a kiwi fruit.
 It secretes prostate fluid that nourishes and
protects sperms.
 It helps make the semen fluid.
 It helps propel semen during ejaculation.
(b)Epididymis
 It lies behind the testes.
 It stores and transports sperms produced by the testes.
Semen is a white
fluid produced by
(c) Testes
male sexual glands
 If it is one is called a testis and testes is in plural form. which might contain
 Testes produce sperms.
 They produce hormones, especially testosterone.
(d)Scrotum
 The scrotum houses the testes.
 They maintain the required temperature of sperms (below body temperature).
(e) Urethra
 It is a passage for urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
 It is also a passage for semen and sperms.

1. Give a list of the male reproductive organs.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Penis, sperm duct (vas deferens), testes. Scrotum and urethra.
2. What is the role of the prostate?

_________________________________________________________________________
 It secretes prostate fluid that nourishes and protects sperms.
 It helps make the semen fluid.
 It helps propel semen during ejaculation.
3. What is the function of the Epididymis?

_________________________________________________________________________
 It stores and transports sperms produced by the testes.
4. Where are sperm cells produced? _____________________________________________
 Sperms are produced in the testes
5. What is the male hormone produced in the testes? _______________________________
 Testosterone
6. What else is produced in the testes? __________________________________________
 Testosterone and sperm cells
7. Why is the scrotum hanging outside the body?
_________________________________________________________________________
 To maintain the required temperature of sperms (below body temperature).
8. Discuss the two functions of the urethra in reproduction and excretion.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Urethra is a passage for urine from the bladder to the outside of the body and it is
also a passage for semen and sperms.

ACTIVITY 12: HUMAN REPRODUCTION
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
 Parts of the female reproductive organs include the cervix, ovaries, urethra, uterus,
vagina and fallopian tubes.
(a) Cervix
 Connects the uterus to the vagina.
 Allows the flow of menstrual blood
from the uterus to the vagina.
(b) Ovaries – they release the egg or
ovum.
(c) Fallopian tubes (also known as uterine
tube or oviduct):
 They transport the egg from the

ovaries to the uterus each month.
 Fertilization takes place in the third end of the fallopian tube in the Ampulla.
 Fertilization must occur within 12 – 24 hours after ovulation or the egg will die.
 Ovulation is when a mature egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
 The egg must be mature before it can be fertilized.
 The fertilized egg then travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus (womb).
 The egg is then implanted in the uterus resulting
in pregnancy.
(d) Uterus (womb)

Functions of the uterus:
 To accept the embryo.
 To house the embryo while it develops into a
feutus.
 Uterus also delivers a newborn.

(e) Placenta
 The developing embryo is attached to the uterus by the placenta.
 The placenta provides nutrients and oxygen to the foetus.
 The placenta also removes waste products from the foetus through the umbilical
cord.
 The period from conception to birth is called gestation.
 Gestation in humans is nine months or 40 weeks.
(f) Urethra – transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
PREVENTION OF PREGNANCY:
 Contraceptives such as condoms, pills and injections can be used to prevent

pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.
 Abstaining is, however, the best method.

1. List the parts of the female reproductive organ.
_____________________________________________________________________
 The cervix, ovaries, urethra, uterus, vagina and fallopian tubes.
2. In which part is the egg cell stored? ________________________________________

 They are produced and stored in the ovaries
3. Discuss the role of the fallopian tubes. _____________________________________
 They transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus each month and allow
fertilization takes place in the third end of the fallopian tube in the Ampulla.
4. Where does fertilisation take place? _______________________________________
 Fertilization takes place in the third end of the fallopian tube in the Ampulla.
5. Discuss the role of the placenta. __________________________________________
 The developing embryo is attached to the uterus by the placenta and it also
provides nutrients and oxygen to the foetus and it also removes waste products
from the foetus through the umbilical cord.
6. What is gestation? _____________________________________________________
 The period from conception to birth

7. What is the period of gestation in human beings? ________________ ( months or 40
weeks)
8. The urethra in males and females does not serve the same purpose. Explain the role
played by the urethra in each case.
_____________________________________________________________________
 In males and females the urethra is a passage for urine but in males it is also used to
transport sperms and semen.

DEBATING AND DISCUSSING
 Work in teams of ten (five aside)
 Choose one of the following topics:
1. Abortion
2. Infertility
3. Surrogacy
4. Contraception
5. Population control
 Appoint a spoke person for the group.
 Focus your debate ethical issues.
 Make your presentation in 3 minutes for each group
 Use the other 4 minutes for questions and answers

THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
 The female reproductive cycle is 28 – 30 days and it repeats over the same period to
release an egg cell to be fertilised if sperm cells are present. The cycle repeats from
puberty to menopause.
 After ovulation, if fertilisation does not occur, the reproductive organs 'reset' through
menstruation to start the process again.
Ovulation
 One of the ovaries releases one mature ovum into the oviduct every month. The
process is called ovulation. At the time the uterus wall thickens and develops extra
blood vessels in in preparation for the possible implantation of a fertilised egg.
Menstruation
 If there is no fertilised egg cell (zygote) to implant in the uterus, the thick layer of blood
and tissues pass out through the vagina and this is called menstruation. The menstrual
cycle normally repeats every 28 – 30 days.
Fertilization
 When the male reproductive organ penetrates into a female reproductive organ
(copulation), sperms are deposited in the female reproductive organ through ejaculation.
Only one sperm cell is able to penetrate the outer membrane of the ovum (to fertilise
one egg cell).
 After ejaculation, the sperms swim into the cervix and through the uterus to the oviducts.
Once inside the oviducts, the sperms swim to meet the mature egg that was released
from the ovaries and is now traveling towards the uterus.
 The sperm's head enters while the tail stays outside. As soon
as one has penetrated the outer layer, the surface of the
ovum changes and no more sperms will be able to enter. The
process is called fertilisation.
DISCUSS THE TERMS ABOVE IN CLASS

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 13: CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS
BREATHING, GASEOUS EXCHANGE, CIRCULATION AND RESPIRATION

(a) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged on the surface of the alveoli by diffusion.
(b) The alveoli are tiny sacs within the lungs.
(c) Diffusion is the movement of gas particles
from the region of higher concentration to
the region of lower concentration.
(d) The oxygen diffuses into the blood stream.
(e) Oxygen is then transported to the cells.
(f) Oxygen is used to break /release the energy
in food and this is known as respiration.
(g) Respiration takes place in the organelle
known as the mitochondrion.
(h) During respiration carbon dioxide is released.
(i) Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood stream into the alveoli and then excreted.
(j) Oxygenated blood is transported to the heart by the pulmonary vein.
(k) Pulmonary artery transports blood under high pressure to the alveoli in the lungs.
1. What is diffusion?
________________________________________________________________________
 It is a movement of particles from the region of higher concentration to the region of
lower concentration.
2. Where does diffusion take place during respiration? ______________________________
 In the mitochondrion
3. Discuss the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration.
_________________________________________________________________________
 Oxygen diffuses into the blood stream and get transported to the cells while carbon
diode diffuses out of the blooded before it is excreted.
4. In which organelle does respiration take place? ___________________________
(Mitochondrion)

5. What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
_________________________________________________________________________
 Pulmonary artery transports blood under high pressure to the alveoli in the lungs.
6. Discuss the difference between oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood.
_________________________________________________________________________
 Oxygenated blood is the blood that is rich in oxygen while deoxygenated blood is the
blood that has a high concentration of carbon dioxide.

ACTIVITY 14: MEASURING AND COMPARING
Using a stop watch compare heart rates before and after exercise.
 Collect information/data on at least 10 learners
 Identify the variables
 Draw a bar graph of the results
 Discuss your findings about the fitness of the learners based on heart rate.
ACTIVITY 15: RESEARCHING AND WRITING

Make a research about one of the following:
 Smoking
 Alcohol
 High cholesterol levels

ACTIVITY 16: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Healthy diet
A. HEALTHY EATING DIET
(i) Healthy eating refers to eating right quantities of foods from all food groups.
(ii) The main food groups include fruits and vegetables, proteins, fat and sugar, dairy
products and whole grains.
(iii) Healthy diet is important in order to lead a healthy life.
(iv) A healthy diet should have less fats, sugary items, salt and processed foods.
Processed foods
include canned
and frozen
vegetables
THE SIX ESSENTIAL FOOD NUTRIENTS COMPRISE THE FOLLOWING:

(a) Carbohydrates
(b) Fats and oils
(c) Vitamins and minerals
(d) Proteins
(e) Fibre and water

HEALTH ISSUES
A. ANOREXIA NERVOSA
 Anorexia nervosa is excessive self-food restriction to avoid gaining weight. This is
done mainly by teenagers.
 Of late there was another concept called A4. This concept encourages girls to have a
waist that is the size of an A4.
B. BULIMIA NERVOSA
 Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder where one eats and forces themselves to vomit.
The purpose of doing this is to be as lean as they possibly can.
1. What is a healthy diet? __________________________________________________

 Healthy diet is a diet that has the right quantities of foods from all food groups.
2. List the essential food nutrients. __________________________________________
 Carbohydrates
 Fats and oils
 Vitamins and minerals
 Proteins
 Fibre and water
3. Explain what a healthy diet should have by referring the diagram above.
_____________________________________________________________________
 It should have more carbohydrates, fruits, followed by meat and eggs and less fats
and sugary food.
4. Discuss the two healthy issues related to healthy diet.
_____________________________________________________________________
 Anorexia nervosa is excessive self-food restriction to avoid gaining weight mainly by

teenagers and Bulimia nervosa which is an eating disorder where one eats and forces
themselves to vomit to be as lean as possibly.

INVESTIGATION
MATERIALS
 Knife

 Spatula
 Petri dish
 Iodine solution
 Fresh potato or carrot.
PROCEDURE
 Take the potato /carrot

 Peel off the skin
 Cut the potato / carrot into small pieces.
 Use the Spatula to place the potato /carrot on the petri dish.
 Add 2 to 3 drops of iodine solution on the sample.
 Observe and record the changes.
OBSERVATIONS
What colour change did you observe?
___________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION
Does the sample contain starch or not?
___________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 17: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE ALIMENTARY CANAL

 The alimentary is just a food passage comprising the mouth, oesophagus, stomach,
small intestines and large intestine.
A. THE MOUTH
 Digestion starts in the mouth with the cutting, chewing and swallowing of food.
 The teeth cut, tear and chew the food.
 The digestion of starch takes place in the mouth.
 The tongue mixes the food with saliva.
 The food is rolled into bolus before it is swallowed.
B. OESOPHAGUS
 The oesophagus is just a passage for food.
 There is no digestion taking place in the oesophagus.
 Food move from the mouth to the stomach through the oesophagus
 The process through which the food moves through the oesophagus is known as
peristalsis.
C. THE STOMACH
 The food enters the stomach through the pyloric valve.
 The stomach has a bag like structure.
 Once the food is in the stomach it is tuned around and mixed with gastric juice and
digestive enzymes.
 Gastric juices, also called gastric acid, are colourless liquids mainly made up of
hydrochloric acid, pepsin, rennin (found in young mammals and helps with the digestion
of milk) and mucus which are primarily responsible for breaking proteins by activating
digestive enzymes.
 The food moves out of the stomach through the pyloric sphincter.

 Peristalsis helps push the food out of the stomach into the small intestines.
D. SMALL INTESTINE
 The three parts of the small intestine are: the
duodenum (25cm), jejunum (2.5m), and ileum
(3.5m).
 In the small intestine there are millions of tiny
finger-like organelles known as the villi.
 The villi absorb the food into the blood system.
E. LARGE INTESTINE
 There is no digestion in the large intestine.
 The large intestine is storage for undigested
food before it is defecated.
 Absorption of water and mineral salts also happen in the large intestine.
The two types of digestion are:
 Chemical digestion
 Mechanical digestion
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
(a) Chemical digestion uses digestive juices to break down food into fine pieces.
(b) Digestive juices include saliva, gastric juice, gall, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice.
(c) Digestive enzymes speed up the digestion process.
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
(a) Mechanical digestion is the physical breaking down of food during digestion.
(b) The word mechanical involves motion.

1. List the parts of the alimentary canal.

_______________________________________________________________________
 Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
2. Explain the chemical and mechanical digestions taking place in the mouth.
_______________________________________________________________________
 Chemical digestion happens when saliva mixes with the food and the enzyme
amylase is secreted to help with the breaking down of starch and mechanical
digestion happens during the chewing, cutting, grinding and rolling of food followed
by the swallowing.
3. Discuss the digestion taking place in the stomach.
_______________________________________________________________________
 Once the food is in the stomach it is tuned around and mixed with gastric juice and
digestive enzymes. Most of the digestion takes place in the stomach.
4. What are the three parts of the small intestine?
_______________________________________________________________________
 duodenum , jejunum and ileum
5. Where does food absorption take place? _____________________________________
 In the small intestine
6. What is the role of the large intestine?
_______________________________________________________________________
 The large intestine is storage for undigested food before it is defecated as well as for
the absorption of water and mineral salts also happens in the large intestine.
7. Distinguish between chemical and mechanical digestion.
_______________________________________________________________________
 Chemical digestion uses digestive juices to break down food into fine pieces with the
aid of digestive juices include saliva, gastric juice, gall, pancreatic juice and intestinal
juice whereas mechanical digestion is the physical breaking down of food during
digestion.

8. Explain, with examples what gastric juices are.
_______________________________________________________________________
 Gastric juices are colourless liquids mainly made up of hydrochloric acid, pepsin,
rennin (found in young mammal which helps digest milk) and mucus which are
primarily responsible for breaking proteins by activating digestive enzymes.
RESEARCH ON HALAL
 The word “halal” means permissible or something that is lawful. To make something
lawful, an animal is suppose d to be slaughtered following certain rituals known as
“Zibah” or “Zabihah” which requires the animals to be healthy at the time of
slaughter using a razor sharp knife and by a single swipe to incur as less pain as
possible. The slaughter should also be performed by a Muslim with any flowing
blood of the carcass be completely drained.
Halal slaughtering should not be done where pigs are since pork is forbidden. The
animal to be slaughtered should be fed as normal and be given water prior to the
slaughtering. A razor sharp knife that is four times the size of the neck should be
used and no other animals should witness the slaughtering.

MATTER AND MATERIALS
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
Revision questions
1. What is a compound?
2. Give an example of a compound.
3. Where do we ﬁnd metals, non-metals and semi-metals on the Periodic Table?
4. What are the vertical columns of the Periodic Table called?
5. What are the horizontal rows of the Periodic Table called?
6. What do elements belonging to the same 'group' of the Periodic Table have in
common?
7. What additional information about an element can we ﬁnd on the Periodic Table?
8. What does the formula of a compound tell us about it?
A COMPOUND
 A chemical compound is a chemical combination of two or more elements that can

normally be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means and have
properties different from those of its component elements.
 A compound can be composed of many identical molecules.
EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS

ELEMENTS IN A COMPOUND
Complete the table below:
Name of the compound Elements in the compound Chemical formula
Water hydrogen and oxygen H2O
Carbon dioxide carbon and oxygen CO2
Ammonia nitrogen and hydrogen NH3
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) calcium, carbon and oxygen CaCO3
Glucose (C6H12O6) carbon, hydrogen and oxygen C6H12O6
Table salt Sodium and chlorine NaCl
Baking soda / Calcium bicarbonate Sodium, hydrogen, carbon and NaHCO3

(NaHCO3) oxygen

NAMING A CHEMICAL COMPOUND
Prefix Number Memory Aid
Mono 1 Monorail has one rail
Di 2 A pair of dice
Tri 3 A triangle has 3 angles
Tetra 4 Tetragon has 4 sides
Penta 5 Pentagon has 5 sides
Hexa 6 Hexagon has 6 sides
Hepta 7 Heptagon has 7 sides
Octa 8 Octagon, octopus 8
Non 9 Rhymes like “nine”
Deca 10 Decade, period of 10 years

1. With reference to the table above explain the difference between carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide. ____________ (Carbon dioxide comprise carbon and two oxygen
while carbon monoxide comprises carbon and one oxygen)
2. Which compounds do you know that use the prefix in the table? ________
3. What is a tetragon? _________ (Four sided)
4. What is a hexagon? _________(Six sided)
5. What is a pentagon? ________ (Five sided)
6. What is an octagon? _________(Eight sided)

THE PERIODIC TABLE
1. What is the periodic table?
 It is a chart that organizes the elements by their increasing atomic numbers as well
as by their physical and chemical properties.
2. Who is the father of the periodic table?
 A Russian chemist and inventor named Dmitri Mendeleev created the periodic table
in 1869.
3. What ability did the periodic table have?
 The periodic table was designed to make room for and predict the existence of
elements that had not yet been discovered.
INFORMATION ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
4. How is each element represented on the periodic table?
 Each element is represented by a chemical symbol which, the name of the element,
the atomic number, the mass number, the physical state of the element

Carefully look at the numbers in the table below, complete the table by writing only the
outstanding numbers without referring to the periodic table.
1. By referring to the periodic table, find the first 20 elements in the periodic table and
write the chemical symbol in the appropriate box.

ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
Directions: Use the Periodic Foldable to complete the following questions:
1. What is the element with atomic number 12? ________ (Magnesium)
2. List the symbols of the elements in Group 1. (Focusing on the first 20 elements)
______ (H, Li, Na, K)
3. Name the elements in Period 2 that are metals. _________ (Li, Be, B)
4. Name the elements in Period 2 that are non-metals. ______ (C, N, O, F and Ne)
5. Which element in period 2 has the least mass? ___________ (Lithium)
6. Which element in period 2 has the greatest mass? ___________ (Neon)
7. To which group/family does each of these belong?
A. Sulfur ____ (Group 16) B. Sodium ____ (Group 1)
C. Argon ____ (Group 18) D. Silicon _____(Group 14)
E. Chlorine ___(Group 17) F. Phosphorus ____ (Group 15)
8. The symbol for Iron in Fe. Find iron on the periodic table.
A. What is the atomic number of iron? ________ (Atomic number for Fe is 26)
B. To which period does iron belong? _________ (Period 4)
C. To which group does iron belong? __________(Group 8)

FIND THE PLACES USING THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
Periodic Table Worksheet
1. Complete the table by using the atomic numbers to find the country
Atomic Numbers of Elements in the Periodic Table Country
95 68 53 20 AmErICa
16 91 53 7 SPaIN
85 2 7 16 AtHeNS
84 57 60 PoLaNd
10 90 68 57 60 16 NeThErLaNd
74 13 99 WAlEs
9 88 7 58 FRaNCe
6 1 53 11 CHINa
18 32 7 22 11 ArGeNTiNa
35 53 73 53 7 BrITaIN
15 68 92 PErU
9 49 57 60 FInLaNd
91 19 53 16 73 7 PaKISTaN
2. Try and write your name using atomic numbers. __________________________________

CHEMICAL REACTIONS: CHEMICAL EQUATIONS TO REPRESENT REACTIONS
When we represent a chemical reaction in terms of chemical formulae (symbols), it is called
a chemical equation. C + O2 → CO2
 Chemical reactions are usually represented with symbols:

 What is a chemical reaction? A reaction or chemical reaction is a chemical change which
results in the formation of new substances.
 When a chemical equation is expressed in words, it is called a word equation.
 When an equation is expressed using pictures or even models, it is a picture equation.
 When symbols are used to represent chemical reaction, it is known as symbol equation.
1. In the diagram above, what type of equations are represented by A, B and C?

______________ (A is a word equation, B is a picture or diagram equation and C a symbol
equation)
2. In equation B, how many oxygen atoms are shown on the left of the equation?
____________ ( 4 oxygen atoms)
3. How many carbon atoms (C) are on the right of the equation. __________ (One carbon
atom)
4. Write a word equation for: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O __________ (hydrogen + oxygen → water)

BALANCING EQUATIONS
 According to the law of conservation of matter,"matter is neither created nor

destroyed." As a result a chemical equation must have equal numbers of atoms of the
same kind on both sides of the equation.
1. A ___(chemical equation ___ tells the story of a chemical

reaction. (reactants) ___ are the starting substances in the reaction
while ___ (products)_____ are the new substances that are formed.
2. The large numbers in front of some of the formulas are called ______(coefficient).
These numbers are used to ___(balance) ______ the equation because
chemical reactions must obey the Law of _____(conservation )____ of Matter.
3. The number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation must
be ___(balanced _____ because matter cannot be ____(created) ___ or
____ (destroyed).
4. When balancing equations, the only numbers that can be changed are ___
(coefficients); remember that _____(subscripts / ratios)__ must never be changed in
order to balance an equation.
5. Balance the following equations:
5.1. H2 + O2 → H2O ____ (2H2 + O2 → 2H2O) ________

5.2 Al + O2 → Al2O3 ____________( 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3)
5.3 C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O _______ (C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O)
5.4. Al(NO3)3 + NaOH → Al(OH)3 + NaNO3 _____ (Al(NO3)3 + NaOH → Al(OH)3 + NaNO3)
5.5 N2 + H2 (g) → NH3 __________ (N2 + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3)
5.6 HgO (g) → Hg + O2 __________ (HgO (g) → Hg + O2)
5.7 K2O + H2O (g) → KOH _______(K2O + H2O (g) → 2KOH)
5.8 H2O2(g) → H2O + O2 ______________(H2O2(g) → H2O + O2)

5.9 Fe + O2 →Fe2O3 _______ ( 4Fe + 3O2 →2Fe2O3 )
5.10 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO _____ (2Mg + O2 → 2MgO)
5.11 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO _____(2Cu + O2 → 2CuO)
Reactions of metals with oxygen: The general reaction of metals with oxygen
 Not all but some metals react with oxygen during burning (combustion)
 A metal reacting with oxygen forms a metal oxide.
 The general equation for the reaction between a metal and oxgen is always:
metal + oxygen→ metal oxide
REACTIONS OF METALS WITH OXYGEN
1. Magnesium + oxygen → ____ (magnesium oxide)

2. Magnesium + ____________ → _____________
3. Iron + oxygen → _______ (Iron oxide)
4. Iron + ___ (oxygen) → iron oxide
5. What is steel wool mainly made of? ________(low carbon steel)
6. During the reaction of metals with oxygen, the oxygen gas can / cannot ________be
seen.
7. What do we call reactions where s substance burns in air? _______ (combustion
reactions)
8. The product of magnesium + oxygen looks like it is (soft / hard) ____________ in a
form of a (liquid / solid / gas) and is (white / black / yellow) _____________ in
colour.

9. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
9.1 Which metal do you think reacts more with oxygen? ______ (potassium)
9.2 What is the meaning of increasing reactivity? ________ (Rate of reactivity is
increasing)
9.3 Do all metals react with oxygen? Discuss your answer by referring to the diagram.
__________ (Under normal conditions Au, Ag and Hg do not react)
9.4 Briefly explain the reactivity series of metals with oxygen using the diagram.
________ (Group 1 and 2 elements react more with oxygen while Hg, Ag and Au
react the least)
FORMATION OF RUST
 Rust is a form of iron oxide that forms when iron is exposed to air.
 Rust forms on iron and steel when they get exposed to water and oxygen.
 Both water and oxygen are needed for rust to occur.
 The product forming on iron will be iron oxide.

1. What are the two requirements for rust? _________ (oxygen and water)
2. What do you think is the use of the drying agent? __________ (To remove any moisture
in the test tube)
3. Why must the water in C be boiled? ___________ (To remove any possible air bubbles in
the water)
4. Discuss why rust will not occur in all the four test tubes by also mentioning where it will
occur or not occur. ________ (It will only occur in A and D but not in B and C due to the
absence of oxygen and water / moisture)
5. Dado noticed that cars in the coastal areas (near the sea) rust faster than in the inland.
Explain the possible reason for that. (The coating protecting metals from rust gets
destroyed resulting in rust formation)

WAYS TO PREVENT RUSTING
There are two ways of preventing rust:
 Physical protection
 Chemical protection
Some of the methods used:
(a) Keeping away from moisture.

(b) Painting and cleaning of the material.
(c) Protective coating / galvanizing the material.
(d) Plating or covering with a thin coat.
(e) Heat treat - a process of heating materials to a certain temperature to change its
physical and chemical properties, like changing a soft material to hard material, e.g.
treated poles.
1. Discuss some of the methods listed that you know about.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the effects of rust by mentioning the economic and the material effect on
materials. ________ (Rust destroys buildings costing more to renovate them.)
3. Galvanized pipes are steel pipes that have been dipped in a protective zinc coating
to prevent corrosion and rust. Galvanized piping was commonly installed in homes
built before 1960. When it was invented, galvanized pipe was an alternative to lead
pipe for water supply lines. Today, however, we have learned that decades of
exposure to water will cause galvanized pipes to corrode and rust on the inside.
a. What are galvanized pipes? _____________ (Steel pipes dipped in protective zinc
coating to prevent rust and corrosion)
3.2 Elaborate whether galvanized pipes corrode or not. ________ (they corrode on the
inside)

4. Siba and Karen conducted an investigation over a week and recorded their findings
in the table below:
Conducted over a period of one week
Material used Conditions Observation
Iron tube A Normal air Some rust
Iron tube B Air and no water No rust
Iron tube C Water and dissolved air Rusty
Iron tube D Water but no air No rust
Iron tube E Water, air and salt Very rusty

REACTIONS OF NON-METALS WITH OXYGEN
The general reaction of non-metals with oxygen
• Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides
• Any non-metal is burnt in excess oxygen or react with oxygen, the general equation is
always:
non-metal + oxygen non-metal oxide
 Coal is a form of carbon used as fuel for energy and is one of the primary fossil fuels that
humans use to generate electricity.

ACTIVITY 11:
Write the chemical equations for:
1. carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide ______ ( C + O2 → CO2)

2. sulfur + oxygen → sulfurdioxide ________ (S + O2 → SO2)
3. Balance the following equation: P + O2 → P2O5 ________ ( 4P + 5O2 → 2P2O5)
4. When a non-metal reacts with oxygen the product of the reaction is a
________________________________________________________________________
5. For each of the following reactions, complete the tables by providing the missing
equations:
5.1 Reaction between oxygen and carbon:
Write the word equation
Draw the picture equation
Write the chemical equation
5.2 Write the chemical equation for the reaction between sulfur and oxygen.
____________________________________________________________________

The concept of pH value
Reactions of acids with bases: Part I Neutralisation and pH
 When an acid reacts with a base it is called a neutralisation reaction.

 A base reacts with an acid, to make it less acidic at the same time an acid reacts with a
base, to make it less basic.
 If we add a base to an acid, the pH of the resulting solution will increase
 Non-metal oxides tend to be acidic (low pH)
1. What do we call the reaction between a base and an acid? ________ (Neutralisation)
2. Busi wanted to observe the change in pH in a reaction between vinegar and baking soda.
Which one between the two reactants is an acid and which one is a base?
___________ (vinegar is an acid and baking soda is a base)
3. Busi observed that the pH of the two substances decreased as she kept on adding
vinegar. Discuss why this is the case.
_______________ (Vinegar neutralises the base)
4. If we add a base to an acid, what will happen to the pH of the mixture? ______________
(the pH will increase until it reaches an end point / neutral point)
5. What does it mean when the pH increases or decreases? __________________________
(Acid: As the pH increases the acid is getting weaker and as the pH decreases, it means
the acid is getting stronger. Base: As the pH increases, the base is getting stronger and as
the pH decreases towards 7, it means the base is getting weaker)

The general reaction of an acid with a metal hydroxide (base)
 Metals reacting with water form

hydroxides which are bases.
 Acid reacting with a metal hydroxide
produce salt and water.
 The salt formed depends on the acid
and metal oxide used.
• The general equation is: acid + metal
hydroxide salt + water
6. Test the pH of magnesium oxide dissolved in water using a universal indicator. What is
the pH you observed? __________ (Basic, metal oxides form basic solutions)

INVESTIGATION
Neutralisation of NaOH with dilute Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Acid – base reactions produce water and a salt.
The salt will be determined by the acid used i.e. HCl the salt will be a Chloride and H 2SO4 the
salt will be a sulfate.
Acid + base → salt + water
Aim: To find the point at which the base

completely neutralises the acid.
Method:
 Assemble your apparatus as shown in

the figure.
 Handle your apparatus with great
care.
 Prepare 50 ml solution of Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH).
 Put 50ml of base in the burette.
 First learn how to take a reading from a burette.
 Open the stop cock to allow the base into the flask
 Close the stop cock as soon as the indicator changes from yellow to red.
Or
Method
 Put 20 ml vinegar into a glass beaker.

 Prepare 50 ml base in a beaker.
 Use a medicine dropper to add the base onto the vinegar.
 Stop adding vinegar as soon as the indicator changes from yellow to green.
 Calculate how much vinegar and base were used in the investigation.

Results: ____________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1. What was the aim of the investigation? ___________ (To find the point at which the
base completely neutralises the acid)
2. What do we call the reaction between an acid and a base?
____________(Neutralisation)
3. What is the general equation for an acid-base reaction? ___ (Acid + base → salt +
water)
4. Which indicator was used in this investigation? ________ (Universal indicator)
5. Identify your acid and your base in the substances used for this reaction. _______
(Base is Sodium Hydroxide – NaOH and Acid is Hydrochloric acid - HCl
6. What volumes of acid and base were used in this investigation? __________( 50 ml
acid and 20 ml base)
7. What was colour change indicated the end point? _______ (blue colour is expected)

The general reaction of an acid with a metal carbonate (base)
 Metal carbonates are bases

 Acids react with a metal carbonate to form as follows:
acid + metal carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide + water
 The solution of Ca(OH)2 is known as lime water.

 Clear lime water is used to test for carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide is bubbled
through clear lime water it turns white.
An acid reacts with a metal to produce salt + hydrogen gas:
General equation: acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas.
REACTION OF AN ACID WITH A METAL CARBONATE (BASE)
1. What is the nature of metal carbonates? ______________________________________

2. Discuss the general equation below:
acid + metal carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide + water
___________ (An acid reacts with a metal oxide to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide)
3. What is the chemical formula for lime water? ______ (Ca(OH)2)

4. Elaborate what is expected when carbon dioxide is bubbled though clear lime water.
___________ (The solution turns milky)
5. Write a chemical equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) ______ (HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

6. CaCO3 + HCl --- CO2 + CaOH + CaCl
7. Zander and
Mabatho wanted to prepare hydrogen gas in the laboratory. Advise them on what
chemicals do they need to prepare hydrogen gas. __________ (Zinc and Magnesium
both react with dilute acid to produce hydrogen as one of the product.)
8. Allan was told by his teacher that hydrogen is prepared by downward displacement and
he does not understand it. Using the diagram shown explain the difference between
upward and downward displacement.
________ (In downward displacement, the collecting gas
jar or test tube faces down whereas in upward
displacement they face up)
9. Why must hydrogen be collected by downward

displacement? ________ (Hydrogen is very light is easily
carried away)
10. Elaborate how you can test for hydrogen. ______ (Bringing a burning splint to the
mouth of a test tube containing hydrogen produces a popping sound).
11. What are the properties of hydrogen?
______________ (Hydrogen is colourless, odourless, flammable and lighter than air
12. Write a chemical equation for the preparation of hydrogen using magnesium and
hydrochloric acid. _____________ (Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2)

ENERGY AND CHANGE
Types of forces
 A force can be defined as a push, pull or twist acting on an object.

 The unit used to measure force is newton (N) named after Sir Isaac Newton.
 Forces always act in pairs.
 A force can change the direction of an object, speed, shape or stop an abject in motion.
Name the following forces:
1. A force that tries to slow things down when two things rub together ___ (Friction)
2. A force from water that brings water to your house. ______ (Pressure)
3. A force that act in the opposite direction of things that are moving through the
air.______ (Air friction)
4. The force that enables the Earth to pull things towards itself. ______ (Gravity)
5. The object that attract and repel each other and also attract things made of iron.
________ (Magnetic force)
CONTACT FORCES
 Contact force (including friction, tension, and compression) is a result of contact / touching
between bodies.
 Non-contact forces (Field forces)
 Field forces are forces that can act at a distance to each other or can create a field around
them such as gravity, magnets and electrostatic forces.

ACTIVITY 2: APPLIED FORCE
Use the diagram to answer some of the questions:
1. How much force if applied by each man in the diagram? ________ (The young girl = 25N
and the boy = 35N)
2. What is the net force acting on the wagon?
Use Net force = __________ (Net force = 35N + 25N
= 55N
3. Looking at the diagram below: What do you think is:
1. A drag? _____________ (Drag is the force opposing the motion through air)
2. A lift? _______________ (The force that directly opposes the weight of the aircraft)
3. A thrust? ____________(The force that moves the aircraft through the air)
4. Weight? ____________ (The force of gravity exerted on the object)
4. What do you think would happen if the drag and the thrust are equal?
____________ (The aircraft would move at a constant speed / will not accelerate)
5. How do you think the weight and the lift should not be of the same magnitude?
_________________ (Weight and lift cannot be equal if the aeroplane is moving /
accelerating upwards or down but equal if there is no upward or downward
acceleration)

MAGNETIC FORCE
 Magnets attract magnetic materials such as iron, steel, cobalt, nickel.

 A magnet has a north and a south pole with like poles repelling and unlike poles attracting.
 Just like a magnet, the Earth has a magnetic field with its South Pole under Earth's
magnetic North pole.
1. Looking at the diagram.
6.
1.1 How can the soccer player stop the movement of the ball? _________ (By applying an
equal but opposite force)
1.2 Explain how the player can cause the ball to change direction. __________ (By applying
a force in the desired direction / kicking the ball in the direction desired)
2 Looking at the diagram below:
2.1 What are the two poles in a magnet? ________ (North and South)
2.2 What is observed when the same poles of a magnet are brought against each other?
___________ (When the same poles of a magnet are brought together, they repel)
2.3 Looking at the magnets, what do you observe of the iron filings? _______ (The iron
filings are following the magnetic field / are showing the direction of the force exerted)

2.4 What do you think the iron filings are made of? ____________ (Iron)
2.5 Magnets are examples of non-contact forces because they (create /don’t create)
____________________________ magnetic field around them.
2.6 Explain by referring to the 2.3 why non-contact forces are also called field forces.
_____________ (It is because they create a magnetic field around them)
3 A force is applied when pulling, pushing and twisting objects. Study the diagram and
answer the questions that follow:
3.1 Mention the type of applied force in each of the diagrams:

A. _______ (Wind force)
B. _______ (Twisting force)
C. _______ Twisting force)
D. _______ (Pulling force)

3.2 Describe the effect of the force applied in the following diagrams:
A. ________ The force of the wind is blowing the house away
B. ________The tree is twisted as it grows changing shape
C. _______ The force is changing the shape of the object
D. _______The force from the pulling men is causing movement / change in direction as
one group exerts more force on the other through the rope.
4 A force can stop movement, change shape, increase speed or slow down an object.
Refer to the diagram and identify the mentioned effects of a force.
______________ In diagrams B and C, the shape of the objects is twisted meaning the
shape is changed and in D, at one instance the will be no movement due to the forces
being balanced but as one group exerts more force, there will be movement in their
direction. If the other group exerts a counter force, the other group’s movement will be
stopped and possibly the direction will change in its favour.
GRAVITY
 There is pulling force between objects which varies according to their masses.
Such a pulling force is observed between objects on earth and the Earth, the
Moon and the Earth, the Earth and the Sun, the Sun and the planets moving
around it.
 According to a scientist known as Sir Isaac Newton, the pulling force between
objects is directly proportional to the masses of the objects.
 The force is also affected by the distance between the forces, the force is
inversely related to the distance between them.

Use the graph to answer some of the questions that follow:
1. If the distance from the Earth is r, what is the

force? ________ (The force will be F)
2. If the distance from the Earth is 2r, what is the
force? _______ (The force will be ¼ F)
3. Thinking of Sir Isaac Newton, explain the
relationship between force and distance, also
indicate if the relationship is inverse or direct. __________ (The force decreases as the
distance increases. The greater the distance, the less the force. Force is therefore
inversely proportional to distance.)
4. If the force (F) in the diagram was 4000N, what will the force be when the distance is
2r? ____________ ( Force is ¼ F when the distance is 2r and if F is 4000N, it will be ¼
of 4000N = 1000 N)
5. The graph shown above represents what is known as the inverse square. Do some
research on the inverse square rule.
(An inverse-square law is the scientific law
stating that a specified physical quantity is
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the source of that physical
quantity.)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MASS AND FORCE
Use the table below to answer the questions that follow:
PLANET DISTANCE FROM THE SUN (km) DISTANCE FROM THE EARTH (km)
Mercury 58 000 000 92 000 000
Venus 108 000 000 42 000 000
Earth 150 000 000
Mars 228 000 000 78 000 000
Jupiter 778 000 000 628 000 000
Saturn 1 427 000 000 1 277 000 000
Uranus 2 870 000 000 2 720 000 000
Neptune 4 497 000 000 4 347 000 000
1. Which planet is the furthest from the Sun? ______________ (Neptune)

2. What is the distance from the Earth to the Sun? __________(150 000 000 km )
3. Lerato thinks the gravitational pull between the Earth and the Sun will be greater than
the pull between the Sun and Neptune. Megan disagree with her but she cannot
support her argument. Use the table to provide a sound explanation to both of them.
______________________________________________________________________
 The greater the distance the lesser the force between two objects. The Sun is closer
to the Earth compared to Neptune. Other factors such as the sizes of the two planets
will also have an effect but in this case, the pull will be greater between the Earth
and the Sun compared to the Sun and Neptune.

MASS AND FORCE
Use the diagram in answering some of the questions that follow:
1. What is represented by A, B and C in the diagram? ___________ (A is the Moon, B
the Earth and C the Sun)
2. Which one is the closest to C? ______________ (The Earth in the way the diagram is
shown, is closer to the Sun. It must be taken into account that the Moon and the
Earth are in motion.)
3. Dean was able to calculate the force of gravity between the Earth and the Sun and
between the Earth and the Moon and found the following:
 Sun and Earth = 3.6×1022N
 Earth and Moon = 1.89x1020
3.1 What unit is used to measure force? __________ [Force is measured in newtons (N) ]
3.2 Fully explain the force of gravity between the Earth and the Sun and between the
Earth and the Moon. _____________ The Moon is smaller than the Earth hence the
pulling force will be less between the two when compared to the pulling force
between the Sun and the Earth.)

4 The force exerted by the Earth on an object is known as its weight also measured in
newtons (N). Mass of an object does not change whereas weight changes according to
position or gravitational force at that point; that includes the Moon and other planets.
Study and complete the table shown.
Mass of the object: 62 kg
Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration
Planet Strength of Gravity Weight on the planet (N)

(gravitational acceleration)
Mercury 0.38 W=mg
= 62 x 0.38
= 23,56 N
Venus 0.91 = 56,42 N
Earth 9.8 = 607,6 N
Mars 0.38 = 23,56 N
Jupiter 2.54 = 157,48 N
Saturn 1.08 = 66,96 N
Uranus 0.91 = 56,42 N
Neptune 1.19 = 73, 78 N

5 What are the readings of the following scales?
A. _______ (2 kg)
B. _______(16,43 g)
C. _______( 0,9 kg)
6 Use the diagram to complete the table that follows:
Object Mass Reading in newtons (N)
Banana 250g 2,5 N
Pawpaw 500g 5N
Brick 1kg 10 N
Printer 2kg 20 N
Watermelon 4kg 40 N

Speaker 6kg 60 N
INVESTIGATION
 Observe the patterns created by a magnet on iron filings spread on paper.

 Magnets brought closer to each other.
(CA
1. What are the two poles in a magnet? _______________ (North and South)
2. Describe the iron filings in A (use closer, denser, spaces, no spaces in your explanation).
_______________ (The iron filings are closer between the magnets showing a strong
magnetic field with almost no spaces while there are more spaces as you move further
away from the magnets.)
3. Explain what you observe as two like poles (North and North or South and South) of a
magnet come closer to each other. ____________ (The two sides of the magnet tend to
repel each other)
4. Explain what you observe as two unlike poles of a magnet come closer to each other.
______________ (The two sides of a magnet attract (N and South) as you bring them
closer to each other)

ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
 Rubbing materials together results in a gain or loss of electrons.

 The loss of electrons leaves the material positive and a gain of electrons results in the
material being negatively charged.
 Like charges repel while unlike charges attract each other.
1. How does a material become positively charged? ________ (A material becomes charged
upon losing electrons)
2. How does a material become negatively charged? _________ (If a material gains
electrons which are negatively charged, it becomes negatively charged or it acquires a
negative charge.)
3. Discuss what happens in C. __________ (The generator is running and the electrons are
scratched by the brush leaving the belt positively charged. The positive charge is
transferred to the dome and the metal ball is used to discharge the now positively
charged dome.)
4. Try the experiment in B and then explain how the balloon was able to attract the water.
___________ (Charging the balloon by rubbing it against your hair of cloth then bringing
it closer to the water coming out of a tap, it will attract the water making it to bend as
you bring the balloon closer.)

5. The Van de Graaff generator becomes charged as the belt is scratched and loses
electrons and it then transfers the charge to the dome. Explain why the dome is
positively charged. (The charge on the belt is positive after electrons were scratched off
and the positive charge is now transferred to the dome.)
6. How does the metal sphere discharge the dome? __________ (To discharge is to remove
the charge. Now since the dome is charged, bringing the metal sphere in contact with the
dome transfers the charge on the dome to the metal sphere.)
7. Explain what is happening in D. ________ (In D, metal spheres that have like charges
repel and those with unlike charges attract each other.)
8. Lightning is a natural form of static electricity. When lightning strikes, it is a result of
discharge or release of a charge between the clouds carrying a charge and the ground.
Do a research on safety precautions that must be considered during thunder and
lightning storms. ________(Do not stand under a tall tree, stay low, avoid bodies of
water, stay in the car instead of outside.)

ELECTRIC CELLS AS ENERGY SYSTEMS
Electric cells
 An electric cell refers to a system where chemical reactions results in the flow of
electricity.
 The flow of electricity occurs through the external circuit.
 An electric circuit is a closed loop though which electric current flows.
 A battery is made of two or more cells connected together in a series.
 The following zinc – copper cell uses one of the solutions in the salt bridge.
1. What do we call the cell shown in the diagram? ____ (Zinc – Copper Cell)
2. Mention the two electrodes used in the cell. ____ (Zinc and Copper electrodes)
3. What are the two salts used in the solutions? ____ (Zinc sulphate and copper sulphate)
4. Looking at the direction of the arrow, which one between zinc and copper donates
electrons? _________ (Zinc donates electrons to copper)
5. The function of the salt bridge is to complete the circuit and allow the flow of ions from
one beaker to another.

RESISTANCE - USES OF RESISTORS
 A conductor allows electric current to pass through

 Some of the energy in a conductor is lost as heat when the conductor heats up.
 All conductors have some resistance but the resistance differs from one conductor to
another.
 A resistor controls the movement of current as it passes through.
 Resistors change electric energy into useful energy e.g. for cooking, light, ironing etc.
1. What is a conductor? ______ (A material that allows electric current to move through it.
2. Explain how energy is lost through a conductor. _______ (Energy can be lost in a form of
heat)
3. Discuss why it is important for materials to have resistance. Use examples of some
appliances in your explanation. __________ (As materials resist the flow of electric
current, the energy is changed into useful energy such as in light bulbs, electric irons,
geyser, electric stoves etc.)
4. Explain the importance of resistors, make use of 5 appliances as your examples and
explain how resistance makes those appliances useful. _______ (Resistors assist in
changing electrical energy into useful energy such as in bulbs, heaters, stoves etc. )
5. Suggest how you can build a bulb than can light up the whole school. Mention resistance
in your explanation. ________ (Using a long Tungsten wire as a resister and a huge bulb
with an output of about 300 W can light up the whole school, almost. )
6. Do a research on one appliance you use at home to find out how it works. Try and sketch
your own design of the appliance and give it a name.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

FACTORS THAT AFFECT RESISTANCE IN A CIRCUIT
 Different materials have different resistance because materials have different properties.
 Resistance is affected by the following:
o Thickness of the conductor – thicker conductors have less resistance and vice versa.
o Length of the resistor - longer conductors have more resistance and vice versa.
o Temperature of the resistance – higher temperature has higher resistance and vice
versa.
o The type of material used as a conductor – different materials have different
resistances
1. Give details of the four factors affecting resistance. _________

 Thickness of the conductor – thicker conductors have less resistance and vice versa.
 Lengths of the resistor - longer conductors have more resistance and vice versa.
 Temperature of the resistance – higher temperature has higher resistance and vice
versa.
 The type of material used as a conductor – different materials have different resistances
2. Which factors are being investigated in the two diagrams?
A _____________ The type of conductor
B______________ The length of the conductor
C ______________ The thickness of the conductor

INVESTIGATION
Investigative question
 Do different factors affect the resistance of a material?

AIM
 To investigate the effect of length, thickness and type of material on resistance.

Specific Aims: 1, 2 & 3
Skills to be assessed:
 Observing, communicating, comparing, predicting, hypothesizing, recording information,

measuring and doing investigations.
APPARATUS
 Circuit board, copper wire, zinc wire, nichrome wire, ruler and vernier scale or
micrometre.
HYPOTHESIS
What is your hypothesis for investigation A?

________________________________________________________________________ (2)
METHOD
1. Set up a circuit containing two cells, ammeter and a copper wire of 10 cm long.
2. Take the reading from the ammeter and record it in the table.
3. Repeat the procedure using a 15cm and lastly a 20cm long copper wire.
4. Using the same circuit, use three wires of the same length with the thicknesses of ~
3mm, 5mm and 8mm.
5. Connect the ~3mm wire to the circuit and take a reading from the ammeter and
record it in the table.

6. Repeat the procedure using the 5mm and 8mm wires.
7. Using the same circuit now use different wires with the same length (copper, zinc and
nichrome).
8. Connect a copper wire, take a reading from the ammeter and record in the table.
9. Repeat the procedure using zinc and nichrome wires.
RESULTS
Investigation A
Factor Ammeter Ammeter

Ammeter
Investigated Reading Reading
Reading
Length 10 cm 15 cm
20 cm
Investigation B
Thickness ~3mm ~5mm ~ 8mm
Investigation C
Type of
material copper zinc Nickel
[9]
OBSERVATION
1. What is your variable in investigation A?

______________________________________________________________________(1)

______________________________________________________________________(1)

______________________________________________________________________(1)
4. Discuss how temperature also affects resistance.

______________________________________________________________________(2)
CONCLUSION
5. What is your conclusion?

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ (4)

SERIES CIRCUITS
Series circuits:
 For cells connected in series their voltages (potential differences) add up.
 Resistors can also be connected in series.
 In a series circuit, the electric current has only one path to follow.
 The resistor with higher resistance has a higher voltage of the total voltage in the circuit.
Use the diagram to answer some of the questions that follow:
1. What is the reading in the voltmeter of diagram 1? ________ (9V)

2. What is the voltage in the resistors in diagram 1? _______ (9V)
3. What is the voltage of the battery in diagram 2? ________ (9V)
4. Discuss why the readings in the two bulbs are the same. ________ (In a series
connection, the voltage is divided. The two bulbs have the same resistance hence the
same voltage. )
5. What is the relationship between the reading in each bulb of diagram 2 and that of the
battery? _______ (The total voltage in the battery is equal to the voltage in the two
bulbs.)
6. What is the total voltage in diagram 3? __________ (45 V)
7. Which resistor has the highest voltage? __________ (The 10Ω resistor)

8. Discuss why the resistor you identified has the highest voltage? ____________ (The
resistor is the largest in the circuit.)
9. What is the relationship between voltage and resistance? _________ (The greater the
resistance the more energy is required to push a charge across.)
10. If all resistors in diagram 3 had the same resistance, how would that affect the voltage
in each resistor? _________ (The three resistors would have the same voltage.)

SERIES CIRCUITS
1. What is the reading in ammeter 1? ______ (1.5 A)

2. What do you think will be the readings in ammeters 2 and 3? _______ (1.5 A)
3. Explain your reason for your predictions in the readings of ammeters 2 and 3. _________
(In a series connection, the current is the same at any point in the circuit.)
4. What conclusion can be drawn about current at any point in a series circuit? __________
(The current is the same at any point in the circuit.) CURRICULUM AND ENT POLICY
STATEMENT (
5. Complete the table below for four identical (4) bulbs connected in series
Number of bulbs Voltmeter Ammeter reading Resistance
reading (Amperes) R (Ohms)
V (volts)
1 12 V 4A 3Ω
2 6 2A 6Ω
3 4 1.3 A 9Ω
4 3 1A 12 Ω

6. By looking at the table, what happens to the ammeter reading as you increase the
number of bulbs?
____________ (The current in the circuit decreases hence the reading in the ammeter is
getting smaller.)
7. What conclusion can be drawn regarding the relationship between current and
resistance? ________ (From Ohm’s law V = IR, current is inversely propotional to
resistance, in other words as one increases the other one decreases.)
8. Use the graph grid to draw a graph of current v/s voltage using the following data:
Voltage V (V) Current I (A)
3 0.4
6 0.8
9 1.2
12 1.6
Heading: Relationship between current and voltage
12
Current (I) 3
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
Voltage (V)

PARALLEL CIRCUITS
 Cells of the same voltage connected in parallel produce a voltage equivalent to that of
one cell.
 Cells in parallel are connected positive to positive and negative to negative whereas
series cells are connected end to end (negative end to positive end).
 Connecting resistors in parallel reduces the resistance, such that the more the resistors
the less the resistance.
 Parallel connections are used in our households.
 The higher the resistance, the smaller the current and vice versa.
 For parallel resistors voltage is the same across each resistor.
 Parallel resistors split or divide the current at each junction. (Kirchhoff’s law)
1. How are cells in series connected compared to cells in parallel?

_______ (In series; cells are connected end to end – to the + of the next cell)
_______ (In parallel; cells in parallel are connected positive to positive and negative to
negative)

2. What is the advantage and disadvantage of connecting cells in parallel? ___ (The
disadvantage: The cells do not produce a huge voltage.)
The advantage:
(a) A number of cells can be used to produce a required voltage
(b) If one cell is damaged, the connection will not be affected
(c) The cells last longer
The disadvantage:
 The voltage cannot be increased by increasing the number of cells
3. Looking at the diagram, explain how one connection differs from the other.
________________ (One is end to end and the other one the same terminals are
connected.)
4. If 3 bulbs in series were connected, which of the connections would make the bulbs
brighter and why? _____________ (The circuit in which the cells are connected in series
will make the bulbs brighter since it will produce a greater voltage.)
5. What is the advantage of connecting resistors in parallel? ________
Connecting resistors in parallel
 Less resistance
 If one resistor breaks, the others can still work
 Every resistor can have its own switch
6. How does connecting resistors in parallel affect the potential difference?
_______________ (The potential difference is not affected)
7. Discuss the relationship between resistance and current in a parallel circuit. ________
(The current is more in a parallel circuit since resistance is reduced)

SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY
 Sometimes parallel connections are overloaded.

 Safety devices such as circuit breakers, fuses and earth
leakage systems are used to prevent fire.
 A three pin plug comprising live (brown), neutral (blue)
and earth (yellow and green) wires are commonly used.
 The earth cable releases a charge to the ground if there is
a fault.
 Illegal connections disregard safety measures and are a form of energy theft.
1. What it the purpose of safety when using electricity? _____________ (To protect us from
the possible dangers that may be caused by electricity.)
2. Mention three safety devices when working with electricity. __________ (circuit
breakers, fuses and earth leakage systems)
 Explain how the earth cable works in a three pin plug. _______ (The earth cable releases
a charge to the ground if there is a fault.)
3. Explain the colours in a 3 pin plug. _________ [In a three pin plug live (brown), neutral
(blue) and earth (yellow and green)]
 Why are illegal connections a wrong practice? _________ (Illegal connections disregard
safety measures and are a form of energy theft.)

ELECTRICITY GENERATION
 Power stations generate electricity.

 Most power stations in South Africa are coal-fired (use coal).
 In a coal fired power station coal is used to heat water, the water produces steam and the
steam is used to turn turbines.
 The turbines turn generators which produce electricity.
 Solar, wind, energy and nuclear are some of the alternative means to produce electricity.
1. What is a power station? __________ (It is a facility for the generation of electric power
for distribution.)
2. List some of the alternative means of generating electricity.
_________ (Solar, wind, energy and nuclear are some of the alternative means to
produce electricity.)
3. What is the meaning of coal-fired power stations? ________ (The use of coal to produce
electricity)
4. Discuss how electricity is generated using coal. ____________
 In a coal fired power station coal is used to heat water, the water produces steam
and the steam is used to turn turbines. The turbines turn generators which produce
electricity.
5. Do a research on one alternative means of generating electricity. Make a 3 minutes

presentation to your class. You can also present with a partner. ____________

NUCLEAR POWER IN SOUTH AFRICA
 Nuclear power stations use radioactive fuel instead of coal.

 Heat is produced by nuclear fission.
 Nuclear fission is the splitting a nucleus of an atom into two smaller ones producing a lot
of energy in the process.
 Nuclear power station such a Koeberg in the Cape helps channel electricity into the
national energy grid.
 Nuclear waste is dangerous and remains radioactive for hundreds of years and must be
correctly stored and disposed.
1. What is a nuclear power? __________ (Nuclear power is use radioactive fuel instead of
coal to generate electricity.)
2. Explain how a nuclear power works, you can also do some research. __________
 (Nuclear power use radioactive fuel instead of coal. Heat is produced by nuclear
fission. Nuclear fission is the splitting a nucleus of an atom into two smaller ones
producing a lot of energy in the process. The energy is used to heat water to a boil.
The water turns to steam and the steam turns turbines which turn generators which
generate electricity.)
3. Discuss the possible dangers of a nuclear waste. _______________
 (Nuclear waste is dangerous and remains radioactive for hundreds of years and must
be correctly stored and disposed.)

NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GRID
 National grid produces electricity in a huge scale using different systems.

 The different systems feed high voltages to the national grid.
 The electricity is transported by power lines.
 Step down transformers are used to reduce the voltage for local users.
 About 15 % of the energy is wasted as heat in transformers and power lines.
1. What is an energy grid? ______(Energy grid is the production of electricity in a huge scale
using different systems such as coal, wind, solar which all contribute to one system. )
2. Explain in details how the National Electricity grid works. __________ (Different sources
are used to generate electricity and they all contribute to the National grid. The National
grid then supplies electricity to consumers. )
3. Explain the role of step down transformers. _________ (Step down transformers reduce
the high voltage to a required voltage as determined by the needs of the consumers.)
4. Discuss how much of the energy produced is delivered to the consumers. _________
(Only about 85% of the energy produced reaches the consumer since about 15% is
wasted as heat in transformers and power lines.)
5. Elaborate on how much of the energy is wasted and how is it wasted? ___________
 Energy is wasted as heat while being transported and while being reduced by
transformers.

THE COST OF ELECTRICAL POWER
CALCULATING THE COST OF ELECTRICITY

(a) The SI unit for power is Watt.
(b) One Kilowatt is equivalent to 1000 W.
(c) Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the unit used to measure energy over a certain period.
(d) If a unit is given in Watts, it must first be converted to kW.
(e) When the unit is in kW, it can then be multiplied by the time of usage.
 Example:
What is the energy used when a 6kW heater is in use for 5 hours?
To calculate energy consumption we can use:
Energy = power rating x time (in hours)
= 6 kW x 5 h
= 20kWh
Study the table and complete it: Cost of electricity for a day (1kWh = 212 cents)
Appliance Power rating Duration Energy used Cost in cents Cost per month
(kW) (kWh) (31 days)
Television 0.14 3h 0.42 kWh 89 cents 2759 cents
Refrigerator 3 24h 72 kWh 15 264 cents 473 184 cents
Microwave 0.8 30 min 0.4 kWh 85 cents 2635 cents
Heater 1 3 3 kWh 636 cents 19716 cents
Hot plate 1.5 4 6 kWh 1272 cents 39432 cents
Air 1.5 6 9 kWh 1908 cents 59148 cents
conditioner
Clothes Iron 1.5 6 9 kWh 1908 cents 59148 cents
TOTALS 9.44 76h 99.82 21162

ACTIVITY 1: SPHERES OF THE EARTH
Spheres of the Earth
 The Earth makes up a system that allows the interaction of spheres.
 The following are the spheres of the Earth:
o Atmosphere – it is the protective layer of gases.
o Hydrosphere – the water part of the Earth.
o Lithosphere – the rock and soil part of the Earth.
o Biosphere – the part of the Earth where organisms live and their requirements.
1. What are the four spheres of the Earth?

____________________________________________________________________
The atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere
o Describe each of the four spheres of the Earth.
____________________________________________________________________
o Hydrosphere – the water part of the Earth.
o Lithosphere – the rock and soil part of the Earth.
o Biosphere – the part of the Earth where organisms live and their requirements.
o Atmosphere – it is the protective layer of gases.

2. What is a biosphere? __________(The part where life can exist)
Mention organisms found in each sphere. _________________________________
 Lithosphere – termites etc.
 Atmosphere – animals etc.
 Hydrosphere – all organisms
 Biosphere – Fish, crocodiles, marine plants and animals etc.

ACTIVITY 2: LITHOSPHERE
(a) Lithosphere is the solid part of the
Earth.
(b) The Earth comprises the following
layers:
 Core (Inner and outer)
 Mantle
 Crust
(c) Elements and compounds are found in
the crust.
(d) Elements found in the earth’s crust include copper, uranium, gold, silver, and
(e) Compounds producing minerals include iron oxide (hematite), silicon dioxide (sand
or quartz) and calcium carbonate (chalk, lime or marble).
1. What are the layers of the lithosphere?

_________________________________________________________________
 Core (Inner and outer)
 Mantle
 Crust
2. What do we find in the crust layer of the Earth? ___________________________
 Elements and compounds are found in the crust.
3. Mention five elements found in the Earth’s crust.
__________________________________________________________________
 copper, uranium, gold, silver, potassium, magnesium and compounds
producing minerals include iron oxide (hematite), silicon dioxide (sand or
quartz) and calcium carbonate (chalk, lime or marble).

4. Which compounds are found in the lithosphere?
__________________________________________________________________
 iron oxide (hematite), silicon dioxide (sand or quartz) and calcium
carbonate (chalk, lime or marble)
5. Which metals are obtained from the compounds iron oxide, sand and calcium
carbonate ?
__________________________________________________________________
 iron oxide – iron
 silicon dioxide – sand or quartz
 calcium carbonate – calcium

ACTIVITY 2B: LITHOSPHERE
1. List the elements found in the Earth’s crust.

_____________________________________________________________________
 Oxygen
 Silicon
 Aluminium
 Iron
 Calcium
 Sodium
 Potassium
 Magnesium

2. What are the percentages on the elements in the Earth’s crust?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Give examples of some stones found in the Lithosphere and the main rock they
belong to. ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Discuss the difference between a rock and a stone.

_____________________________________________________________________
 Rocks are made of smaller stones and stones come from rocks
Rocks normally cannot be moved since they are huge while stones can be
carried by hand

ACTIVITY 3: ROCK CYCLE
(a) Rock cycle is a concept used by Geologists to show how the main three rocks change
from one type of rock to another.
(b) The main rock types are sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous.
(c) When heat and pressure build up around the Metamorphic Rock, it melts into
magma.
(d) Magma is the molten material that erupts during a volcano.
(e) When the magma cools down, it hardens and changes into Igneous Rock.
(f) Of the three main rocks the name Sedimentary suggests it is made from sediments.
(g) Heat, cold, wind and water (erosion and weathering) break down rocks into smaller
particles.
(h) These particles are transported and deposited over each other as sediments.
(i) Due to pressure the layers form sedimentary rock like sandstone.

(j) Due to extreme heat, the chemical structure of the rock can change to form
metamorphic.
(k) Marble forming from limestone and slate is forming from shale.
(l) When heat builds up around the metamorphic rock, the rock melts.
(m) When the rock melts it turns to magma.
(n) Magma is the mixture of molten or semi molten rock below the Earth’s surface from
which Ingenious rock (like pumice and granite) is formed.
(o) When magma moves towards the surface of the Earth, it is now called lava.
(p) Lava is magma that flows after it has erupted.
(q) Magma is found beneath the earth’s surface and it is a mixture of liquid rock,
dissolved gas and crystals.
1. What are the three main types of rocks?

______________________________________________________________________
 The main rock types are sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous
2. Explain what a rock cycle is.
______________________________________________________________________
 Rock cycle is a concept used by Geologists to show how the main three rocks change
from one type of rock to another
3. Using the rock cycle diagram, explain how a metamorphic rock forms from a
sedimentary rock.
______________________________________________________________________
 Extreme heat and pressure would change the chemical structure of the sedimentary
rock to form metamorphic.
4. Discuss how heat affects the metamorphic rock.
______________________________________________________________________
 Heat around the metamorphic rock would make the rock to melt.
5. Explain how the igneous rock forms. ___________________________________________
 When heat and pressure build up around the Metamorphic Rock, it melts into magma
and when the magma cools down, it hardens and changes into Igneous Rock.

6. Looking at the diagram, what are the processes that lead to the breaking down of rocks?
_______________________________________________________________________
 Weathering, erosion, heat, climate, temperature and water are some of the factors
leading to the breaking down of rocks.
7. What is Magma?
_________________________________________________________________________
 Magma is the molten material that erupts during a volcano.
8. Discuss the difference between Magma and Lava.
_______________________________________________________________________
 Lava is magma that flows after it has erupted. Magma is found beneath the earth’s
surface and it is a mixture of liquid rock, dissolved gas and crystals and lava on the
surface of the Earth.

ACTIVITY 3: MINING OF MINERAL RESOURCES
Extracting ores
 Valuable minerals are extracted from the lithosphere by mining.
 The minerals are contained in the ore which has a high
concentration of the mineral.
 While some minerals have to be mined and processed, minerals
such as diamonds, sand and potash are found in their natural form.
Refining minerals
The mining of some minerals involves the physical or chemical extraction.

Iron
 Iron is obtained from its ores in the form of ferrous oxide and magnetite.
 The mining process involves digging and blasting.
 A blast furnace is used to refine iron from other materials that are part of the iron
ore. In the past iron was produced by heating the iron ore with charcoal.
 Years ago Iron was traditionally mined in KZN and certain parts of Limpopo.
Gold
 Gold in its purest form is bright and slightly reddish yellow. Gold mining starts with
breaking down the rock into smaller pieces no larger than the road gravel.
 The ore is then ground into powder by steel ball in rotating drums. Extracted gold is
then refined by methods such as amalgamation, cynadition, carbon-in-pulp and
floatation.
 If the gold is still not pure, it is smelted by heating. The substance called flux is used
and it bonds with the impurities and floats on top of the melted gold.
 The contaminated mixture is hauled away as a solid waste.

INVESTIGATION
Making lead (Pb) from lead oxide (PbO)

Aim: To extract lead from lead oxide
MATERIALS:
 Lead(II) oxide (red)

 Blowpipe
 Charcoal block / Carbon block
 Crucible tongs
 Water
 Bunsen burner / Sprit burner
 Drinking straw (optional)
 Spatula
 Safety goggles
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Make a hollow in the charcoal block.

2. Keep the loose charcoal particles in the hollow.
3. Wearing safety goggles add lead oxide in the hollow.
4. Make a paste of lead oxide and charcoal particles by adding a drop or two of water.
5. Attach a straw to the blowpipe and blow into the blue flame top where the lead (II)
oxide-carbon paste is for 2 – 4 minutes.
6. Observe any change or keep blowing until there is a change.
7. Record your observations.
RESULTS:
1. What colour change did you observe in this reaction?
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Write a chemical equation to represent the reaction.
_____________________________________________________________________
 PbO (s) + C (s) → Pb (l) + CO (g) (for incomplete combustion) or
 PbO (s) + C (s) → Pb (l) + CO2 (g) (if the combustion is complete).

ACTIVITY 4: MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA
(a) Mining is very important in

South Africa for the growth of
the economy and job creation.
(b) Mining, however, impacts
negatively on the environment.
(c) Some of the challenges include
water pollution, dumps and destroying land for farming and disturbing wild live
environment.
(d) Do a research about mining activities in South Africa. In your research to the
following:
 Mention where the mine is.
 What the mine is mining.
 The mining method used to extract the mineral (physical or chemical)
 The impact of the mining activities on the environment.
 Your research must be 4 pages at least and that must include your references.
Structure of the research

 Topic
 Background (research)
 Introduction
 Body (Details of the research)
 Results
 Discussions
 Conclusion
 Bibliography

ACTIVITY 5: ATMOSPHERE
(a) The mixture of gases around the Earth constitutes the atmosphere.
(b) The atmosphere comprises Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%) Carbon
dioxide (1% or less) and other gases (1%).
(c) The density of gas particles decreases with altitude.
(d) The four layers of the atmosphere are (as you go up):
Troposphere
(a) It extends to 10 km above Earth surface with more than 70 % of atmospheric gases.
(b) The weather occurs in this region.
(c) Organisms live in the region.
Stratosphere
(a) It ranges between 10 – 50 km above the Earth’s surface.
(b) It has a very thin air.
(c) Temperature changes (decreases) with altitude.
(d) The ozone layer (O3) which protects life from the harmful ultraviolet light is in this
region.
(e) Aeroplanes fly in this sphere.
(f) Temperature can be calculated as: Temperature at a point + 1°C per 100 m.
Mesosphere
(a) It extends from 50 – 80 km
about the surface of the Earth.
(b) It has thin air and cold
temperatures.
(c) Rocks (shooting stars) burn in
this sphere.

Thermosphere
(a) It starts at about 80 km to about 350 km above the surface of the Earth.
(b) International Space Station is hosted in this region.
(c) International Space Station serves as research laboratory for different fields of
science including astronomy, physics and biology. It is in orbit at 330 – 450 km.
(d) In the thermosphere radio waves are reflected back to Earth for TV and radio
broadcast.
1. Which layer is closest to the Earth’s surface? ____________________________________

 Troposphere
2. What is the range of this sphere?

________________________________________________________________________
 It extends to 10 km above Earth surface
3. What is the composition of gases in this sphere?

_________________________________________________________________________
 Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%) Carbon dioxide (1% or less) and other gases (1%)
4. Mention the other three spheres in their correct order and their range.
_________________________________________________________________________
 Stratosphere 10 km – 50 km
 Mesosphere 50 km – 80 km
 Thermosphere 80 km – 350 km
5. In which sphere do we find the ozone layer? _____________________________________

 The Mesosphere

6. What is the function of the ozone layer?
________________________________________________________________________
 Protects life from the harmful ultraviolet light
7. The temperature in a town is 21°C at an altitude of 30 metres. If you go up by 200 metres

to reach a height of 230 m, what will be the temperature at that point?
________________________________________________________________________
 Temperature = 21°C + 2°C (Temperature increases by 1°C for every 100m)
8. Explain the details of the Mesosphere.

_________________________________________________________________________
 It has thin air and cold temperatures.
 Rocks (shooting stars) burn in this sphere.
9. Discuss the relationship between height and the density of gas particles. ______________
 The density of gas particles decreases with altitude
10. What is the relationship between temperature and altitude? ______________________

 Temperature changes (decreases) with altitude in the stratosphere.
11. Discuss the conditions in the Thermosphere. __________________________________

 International Space Station is hosted in this region.
 International Space Station serves as research laboratory for different fields of science
including astronomy, physics and biology. It is in orbit at 330 – 450 km.
 In the thermosphere radio waves are reflected back to Earth for TV and radio
broadcast.

12. What is the International Space Station? ______________________________________
 It is a multinational habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit between five
participating space agencies:
NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe),
and CSA (Canada).
 It serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory also suited
for testing the spacecraft systems and equipment required for possible future
long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars.
13. Discuss the importance of the ISS. ________________________________________

 International Space Station serves as research laboratory for different fields of
science including astronomy, physics and biology. It is in orbit at 330 – 450 km.

ACTIVITY 6: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
 The lower part of the atmosphere (troposphere) and the surface of the Earth are kept
warm by the greenhouse effect.
 The greenhouse effect is caused by the presence of carbon dioxide, methane, carbon
dioxide and other gases.
 These gases are known as greenhouse gases.

 The average temperature of the Earth (global warming) gradually increases as the volume
of greenhouse gases increases.
 Global warming leads to: shortages of food, change in climate, rise in sea levels and mass
extinction.

1. What is the greenhouse effect?
_________________________________________________________________________
 The warming of the Earth’s surface by radiation to a temperature above what it
would.
2. Which gases are known as greenhouse gases? __________________________________

 carbon dioxide, methane, carbon dioxide and other gases

3. What is global warming? ____________________________________________________
 The increase in the average air temperatures near Earth’s surface with time.
4. Discuss the relationship between greenhouse gases and global warming.

_________________________________________________________________________
 The average temperature of the Earth (global warming) gradually increases as the
volume of greenhouse gases increases.
5. Discuss the effect of global warming.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Global warming leads to: shortages of food, change in climate, rise in sea levels
and mass extinction

ACTIVITY 7: BIRTH, LIFE AND DEATH OF STARS
(a) Stars exist for a defined period.

(b) Stars are born in nebulae.
(c) A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust floating in space.
(d) One cloud is called a nebula and more than one are
called nebulae.
(e) The nebulae collapse under gravitational pull.
(f) At the right temperature, nuclear fusion changes
hydrogen to helium.
(g) They are the reason for the beautiful colourful red,
blue and green glowing swirls of light.
(h) The nebulae are mainly made of hydrogen, 10 % helium and a small fraction of other
elements.
1. Where are stars born? ______________________________________________________

 Stars are born in nebulae
2. What is a nebula? __________________________________________________________

 A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust floating in space
3. Discuss how hydrogen changes to helium.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Nuclear fusion changes hydrogen to helium.
4. What is nuclear fusion?

_________________________________________________________________________
 The process by which nuclear reactions between light elements form heavier
element.
5. Relate the colour of the stars to their ages.
_________________________________________________________________________
 Younger stars appear blue (hottest) while older ones appear redder
(coolest).

ACTIVITY 8: LIFE OF A STAR
Life of a star
(a) A star’s life cycle depends on the matter it carries.
(b) The size of the star is determined by the matter available during its formation.
(c) It begins with the hydrogen gas held together by gravity making it to spin. As it spins
it heats and turns into a protostar and later a star.
(d) Large stars use their energy faster and do not live long and small stars live longer for
the same reason.
(e) Blue looking stars are hotter and of a
younger age than red looking stars.
(f) The Sun is said to be have a 9 billion
life span and it is halfway that.
(g) Stars change hydrogen to helium and
once they are out of energy, they
swell up to form a “red giant.”
1. How old do you think stars are? ______________________________________________

 Billions of years (Sun estimated 4, 5 billion years)
2. Discuss how the colours of stars compare to their ages.

_________________________________________________________________________
 Younger stars appear blue (hottest) while older ones appear redder
(coolest).
3. How old is our Sun now? ____________________________________________________

 Sun estimated 4, 5 billion years
4. What happens to stars once they are out of energy?
_________________________________________________________________________
 They swell up to form a “red giant.”

ACTIVITY 8: DEATH OF A STAR
Death of a star
(a) Stars depend on energy generated from nuclear reaction.
(b) The core of the star contracts and turn into a white dwarf once
it runs out of energy
(c) The stars do not die the same way.
(d) Small stars die peacefully turning into white dwarfs.
(e) The death of giant stars is followed by a huge explosion known as the supernova.
(f) This would sometimes result in a black hole.
(g) When the hydrogen that fuels nuclear reactions begin to run out, the star starts dying.
(h) The stars would eventually change colour and become red giants
1. Where do stars get their energy?

_________________________________________________________________________
 From nuclear reaction
2. Explain what happens to a star once it runs out of energy.
_________________________________________________________________________
 The core of the star contracts and turn into a white dwarf once it runs out of
energy.
3. Explain how small stars die.
_________________________________________________________________________
 Small stars die peacefully turning into white dwarfs
4. What is a supernova?
_________________________________________________________________________
 The death of giant stars which is followed by a huge explosion.
5. Discuss what happens when stars eventually run out of energy.
_________________________________________________________________________
 When energy runs out, the star starts dying, eventually changing colour and
becoming red giants.

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Natural Sciences Grade 9

PARTS OF THE CELL

 It controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 2 Teachers’ Guide

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 3 Teachers’ Guide

ACTIVITY 1: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

Plant Cell Animal Cell

Answer the following questions

1. Define what a cell is. ______________________________________________________

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 4 Teachers’ Guide

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 5 Teachers’ Guide

8. Tabulate the differences between a plant and an animal cell.

Plant Cell Animal Cell

AIM: To build a 3D model of a cell

 What is your goal in this practical activity?

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 6 Teachers’ Guide

 Choose between: edible materials and non-edible materials

Show the following parts in your model:

 Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus,

Focus 2 – Poor 3 – Meets 4 – Good 5 – Excellent

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 7 Teachers’ Guide

(a) Cells have different sizes and shapes.

Answer the following questions:

1. Describe cells sizes. ____________________________________________________

 Cells have different sizes and shapes.

 A tissue is a combination of cells work together.

3. Describe an organ and also give five examples of organs. ______________________

4. Identify three human body systems. _______________________________________

 Digestive system, excretory system, respiratory system, etc.

5. What is an organism? _________________________________________________

 An organism a living being made or parts that are mutually independent.

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 8 Teachers’ Guide

A. Objective lens – Produce required magnification

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 9 Teachers’ Guide

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 10 Teachers’ Guide

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 11 Teachers’ Guide

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

 The heart is about the size of two hands held together.

 It keeps the circulatory system working by continuously pumping blood.

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 12 Teachers’ Guide

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 13 Teachers’ Guide

2. Discuss the importance of the digestive system.

3. Identify the three diseases related to digestive system.

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 14 Teachers’ Guide

7. Discuss the difference between veins and arteries.

9. Discuss each of the conditions related to the circulatory system.

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 15 Teachers’ Guide

(h) The mucous is antiseptic to kill bacteria on the inhaled air.

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 16 Teachers’ Guide

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the importance of the respiratory system? _______________________________

2. Fully discuss the process inhalation. ___________________________________________

3. What is diffusion? ________________________________________________________

 Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a

5. Describe the movement of the diaphragm as you breathe in and out.

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 17 Teachers’ Guide

(b) Lung cancer

Grade 9 Self Study Guide 18 Teachers’ Guide

Answer the following questions: