อนุสรณ์สถานสมาพันธรัฐหลายแห่งได้รับการอุทิศในอดีตรัฐสมาพันธรัฐและรัฐชายแดนในช่วงหลายทศวรรษหลังสงครามกลางเมือง ในหลายกรณีโดยLadies Memorial Associations , United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), United Confederate Veterans (UCV), Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV), Heritage Preservation Association และองค์กรอนุสรณ์สถานอื่นๆ[22] [23] [24]อนุสรณ์สถานสมาพันธรัฐอื่นๆ ตั้งอยู่ในสมรภูมิสงครามกลางเมือง อนุสรณ์สถานสมาพันธรัฐหลายแห่งได้รับการขึ้นทะเบียนในNational Register of Historic Placesโดยแยกกันหรือเป็นวัตถุที่สนับสนุนในรายชื่อศาลหรือเขตประวัติศาสตร์ นักประวัติศาสตร์ศิลป์ Cynthia Mills และ Pamela Simpson โต้แย้งในMonuments to the Lost Causeว่าอนุสรณ์สถานสมาพันธรัฐส่วนใหญ่ ซึ่งเป็นประเภทที่พวกเขาให้คำจำกัดความไว้นั้น "ได้รับการว่าจ้างโดยผู้หญิงผิวขาว โดยหวังว่าจะรักษาภาพเชิงบวกของชีวิตก่อนสงครามกลางเมืองไว้ได้" [25] [26]
นอกเหนือจากอนุสรณ์สถานสำหรับผู้ได้รับเกียรติจากฝ่ายสหภาพและฝ่ายสมาพันธรัฐแล้ว ขบวนการอนุสรณ์สถานยังได้เห็นการจัดวางอนุสรณ์สถานสงครามปฏิวัติอเมริกาเนื่องในโอกาสครบรอบ 100 ปีการปฏิวัติอเมริกาตั้งแต่ปี 1876 ถึง 1883 ในแค็ตตาล็อกของบริษัท WH Mullins เรื่อง The Blue and the Gray ได้ระบุถึงอนุสรณ์สถานฝ่ายสหภาพและฝ่ายสมาพันธรัฐที่บริษัทได้จัดวางล่าสุดสำหรับสงครามปฏิวัติอเมริกาที่ Guilford Courthouse รัฐนอร์ธแคโรไลนา[39]
Robert E. Lee (Virginia, 1909) ถูกถอดออกในปี 2020 [69]ในเดือนมกราคม 2023 มีการเปิดเผยการออกแบบรูปปั้นทดแทนของ Barbara Rose Johnsในเวลานั้น ประติมากร Steven Weitzmanกล่าวว่ารูปปั้นจะพร้อมสำหรับการติดตั้งในช่วงปี 2024 [69]
Keenesburg : Weld Central Senior High School และ Weld Central Middle School มี Weld Central Rebel ซึ่งเป็นทหารในยุคสงครามกลางเมืองที่มักจะปรากฏตัวพร้อมกับธงสมาพันธรัฐ ทีมโรงเรียนมีชื่อว่า Rebels [139]
อนุสาวรีย์สมาพันธรัฐ (ค.ศ. 1987): เสาโอเบลิสก์สีขาวนี้ตั้งอยู่ในฮัดสันพาร์ค ด้านหนึ่งมีรูปธงสมาพันธรัฐจารึกไว้ พร้อมข้อความว่า "1861–1865. เพื่อรำลึกถึงผู้คนจากเคาน์ตี้วาคูลาที่รับใช้สมาพันธรัฐในช่วงสงครามระหว่างรัฐ สร้างขึ้นโดย R. Don McLeod Chapter 2469 United Daughters of the Confederacy เมื่อวันที่ 17 พฤษภาคม 1987"
Confederate Sun Dial Monument (1961) [32]เดิมทีเป็นฐานหินอ่อนและเสาที่มีนาฬิกาแดดอยู่ด้านบน (ในช่วงต้นทศวรรษ 1980 เหลือเพียงฐานและแผ่นโลหะสัมฤทธิ์เท่านั้น) อุทิศให้กับทหารสมาพันธรัฐที่เสียชีวิต สร้างขึ้นโดย United Daughters of the Confederacy ในปี 1961 แผ่นโลหะดังกล่าวถูกนำออกโดยเมืองเดย์โทนาบีชในปี 2017 หลังจากเกิดการปะทะกันอย่างรุนแรงในเมืองชาร์ลอตส์วิลล์ รัฐเวอร์จิเนีย เกี่ยวกับอนุสาวรีย์ Robert E. Lee ของพวกเขา แผ่นโลหะดังกล่าวจะมอบให้กับพิพิธภัณฑ์ประวัติศาสตร์ฮาลิแฟกซ์[166]
แผ่นโลหะสัมฤทธิ์อีกสองแผ่นได้รับการสร้างขึ้นใน Riverfront Park โดย Sons of Confederate Veterans ในปี 1979 และ 1985 ซึ่งระบุชื่อทหารผ่านศึกของสมาพันธรัฐที่ถูกฝังอยู่ใน East Volusia County แผ่นโลหะเหล่านี้ถูกติดไว้บนผนังหินแกรนิตที่ยาวพร้อมกับแผ่นโลหะอื่นๆ ที่ระลึกถึงสงครามต่างๆ ของสหรัฐฯ นอกจากนี้ เมืองยังได้นำแผ่นโลหะเหล่านี้ออกไปในปี 2017 เพื่อมอบให้กับพิพิธภัณฑ์ประวัติศาสตร์ Halifax อีกด้วย[166]
อนุสาวรีย์สูง 50 ฟุตของ Our Confederate Dead สร้างขึ้นในปี 1891 ใน Lee Square [182]อนุสาวรีย์นี้สร้างขึ้นเพื่อรำลึกถึง Jefferson Davis, Stephen R. Mallory (เลขาธิการกองทัพเรือสมาพันธรัฐ) และEdward Aylesworth Perry (นายพลสมาพันธรัฐและผู้ว่าการรัฐฟลอริดาระหว่างปี 1885–1889) และ "วีรบุรุษผู้ไม่ได้รับการสวมมงกุฎแห่งสมาพันธรัฐทางใต้" นายกเทศมนตรีของเพนซาโคลาได้เรียกร้องให้มีการถอดอนุสาวรีย์นี้ออก[181]
แทมปา : มีหน้าต่างกระจกสีที่บริจาคโดย United Daughters of the Confederacy ในปี พ.ศ. 2449 เพื่อเป็นเกียรติแก่บาทหลวงอับราม ไรอันซึ่งได้รับการขนานนามว่า "กวีแห่งสมาพันธรัฐ" ในโบสถ์คาทอลิกเซเคร็ดฮาร์ท
Kissimmee : เสาโอเบลิสก์หินแกรนิตในสุสาน Rose Hill สร้างขึ้นเพื่ออุทิศให้กับทหารผ่านศึกฝ่ายสมาพันธรัฐที่ฝังอยู่ในเขต Osceola โดยมีชื่อของพวกเขาระบุไว้บนอนุสาวรีย์ สร้างขึ้นในปี 2002 โดย Sons of Confederate Veterans [166]
Leesburg : น้ำพุอนุสรณ์ที่สร้างด้วยหินปูนหยาบในสุสาน Lone Oak สร้างขึ้นในปี 1935 โดย United Daughters of the Confederacy แต่อุทิศให้กับทหารในสงครามทุกประเภท เสาธงสูง 20 ฟุตที่อยู่ติดกันและบล็อกหินแกรนิตจารึกอุทิศให้กับทหารผ่านศึกสงครามกลางเมืองที่ฝังอยู่ที่นั่น สร้างขึ้นโดย United Daughters of the Confederacy ในปี 2005 [166]
Ormond Beach : 2011; สุสาน Pilgrim's Rest อนุสาวรีย์ประกอบด้วยเสาธงและฐานคอนกรีตพร้อมเหรียญ Southern Cross of Honor สีบรอนซ์ติดอยู่และแผ่นหินแกรนิตที่ระบุรายชื่อทหารผ่านศึกฝ่ายสมาพันธรัฐที่ฝังอยู่ที่นั่น สร้างขึ้นโดย Confederate Sons Association of Florida [166]
อ็อกซ์ฟอร์ด : อนุสาวรีย์แผ่นหินแกรนิตตั้งตรงในสุสานไพน์เลเวล ซึ่งระบุรายชื่อทหารผ่านศึกฝ่ายสมาพันธรัฐที่ฝังอยู่ในสุสาน สร้างขึ้นในปี 2550 โดยกลุ่ม Sons of Confederate Veterans [166]
Levy County (พ.ศ. 2388) ตั้งชื่อตามDavid Levy Yuleeนักธุรกิจและสมาชิกวุฒิสภาชาวฟลอริดา ซึ่งเป็นผู้สนับสนุนการค้าทาสอย่างแข็งขัน โดยเขาถอนตัวจากวุฒิสภาสหรัฐอเมริกาใน พ.ศ. 2404 และถูกจำคุกเก้าเดือนหลังสงครามกลางเมืองในข้อหาสนับสนุนสมาพันธรัฐ
Pasco County (1887) ตั้งชื่อตามSamuel Pascoซึ่งต่อสู้เพื่อ CSA แต่ใช้เวลาส่วนใหญ่ในสงครามในฐานะเชลยศึก ต่อมา Pasco ได้กลายเป็นผู้แทนรัฐและวุฒิสมาชิกสหรัฐจากฟลอริดา
Confederate Parkเปิดให้บริการในปี พ.ศ. 2450 เดิมทีสวนสาธารณะนี้มีชื่อว่า Dignan Park ก่อนที่จะเปลี่ยนชื่อเมื่อ UCV เลือกสถานที่นี้เป็นสถานที่จัดงานเลี้ยงรุ่นประจำปีในปี พ.ศ. 2457 [210] - ปัจจุบันคือ Springfield Park
Hemming Park /Hemming Plaza (พ.ศ. 2442) เปลี่ยนชื่อเพื่อเป็นเกียรติแก่ทหารผ่านศึกสงครามกลางเมือง Charles C. Hemming หลังจากที่เขาได้สร้างอนุสรณ์สถานสมาพันธรัฐสูง 62 ฟุต (19 ม.) ไว้ในสวนสาธารณะเมื่อ พ.ศ. 2441 [211] [212] - ปัจจุบันคือสวนสาธารณะ James Weldon Johnson
ไมอามี : Robert E. Lee Park สนามกีฬาของโรงเรียนมัธยม Jose de Diego ซึ่งมาแทนที่โรงเรียนมัธยม Robert E. Lee (พ.ศ. 2467–2532) ใน ย่าน Wynwoodเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2542 [213]โฆษกของเขตการศึกษาได้กล่าวว่าชื่อดังกล่าวไม่เป็นทางการ และได้ร้องขอให้หน่วยงานที่มีรายชื่อที่ไม่ถูกต้องอัปเดต[214]ณ ปี พ.ศ. 2567 Google Maps ได้เปลี่ยนชื่อสวนสาธารณะเป็น Jose de Diego Park
Hillsborough County : โรงเรียนประถมศึกษา Robert E. Lee หรือที่รู้จักในชื่อ Lee Elementary Magnet School of World Studies and Technology สร้างขึ้นในปี 1906 และตั้งชื่อตาม Lee ในปี 1943 สมาชิกคณะกรรมการโรงเรียนที่ผลักดันให้เปลี่ยนชื่อในปี 2017 กล่าวว่าหากกองทัพของ Lee ชนะสงคราม "นักเรียนส่วนใหญ่ของเราจะกลายมาเป็นทาส" [221] - ปัจจุบันคือ Tampa Heights Elementary Magnet School
Panama City : ธงประจำเมืองมีความคล้ายคลึงกับธงรัฐ Florida โดยมีพื้นหลังสีขาวและไม้กางเขนเซนต์แอนดรูว์สอดคล้องกับธงการรบสมาพันธรัฐ แต่มีตราประทับของเมืองมาแทนที่ตราประทับของรัฐ
Munfordville : Hart County High School ตั้งชื่อมาสคอตของตนว่า Raiders เพื่อเป็นเกียรติแก่ ลูกทีมของ John Hunt Morganนอกจากนี้ ภาพจิตรกรรมฝาผนังขนาดใหญ่ในเมืองยังเป็นรูปของ Morgan อีกด้วย
อนุสาวรีย์ "Silent Sentinel" หรือที่เรียกอย่างเป็นทางการว่า Confederate Soldiers of East and West Baton Rouge Parishes ฐานสร้างขึ้นในปี 1886 และรูปปั้นสร้างขึ้นในปี 1890 อุทิศโดยผู้ว่าการจอห์น แม็คเอเนอรี ฐานหินแกรนิตและหินอ่อนเดิมแตกร้าว และถูกแทนที่ในช่วงทศวรรษ 1960 ด้วยฐานอิฐขนาดเล็กที่ดูไม่สวยงาม เดิมอยู่ที่ North Boulevard และ 3rd Street ใกล้กับ City Hall ในปี 2012 เพื่อสร้างพื้นที่สำหรับการก่อสร้าง Town Square จึงถูกย้ายไปที่Old Louisiana State Capitolซึ่งปัจจุบันเป็นพิพิธภัณฑ์[282]แผ่นป้ายระบุว่า "สร้างขึ้นโดยชายและหญิงจาก East and West Baton Rouge เพื่อสืบสานความกล้าหาญและความจงรักภักดีต่อชาติของทหารผู้สูงศักดิ์จากสองตำบลที่สวมชุดสีเทาและข้ามแม่น้ำพร้อมกับผู้นำอมตะเพื่อพักผ่อนใต้ร่มเงาของต้นไม้ อนุสาวรีย์เดิมสร้างขึ้นในปี 1886"
Fox's Gap , Frederick County, Maryland : North Carolina Monument (2003): อนุสาวรีย์แห่งนี้เป็นรูปปั้นบรอนซ์ขนาดเท่าคนจริงของทหารฝ่ายสมาพันธรัฐที่ได้รับบาดเจ็บบนฐานหินแกรนิตสีดำ สร้างขึ้นโดยGary Casteel ประติมากร สำหรับสมาคม Living History ในเมือง Mecklinburg รัฐ North Carolina และเปิดตัวเมื่อวันที่ 18 ตุลาคม 2003 อนุสรณ์สถานแห่งนี้สร้างขึ้นเพื่ออุทิศให้กับทหารของ North Carolina ทุกคนที่ต่อสู้ในยุทธการที่ South Mountain Fox's Gap เป็นสนามรบที่อยู่ใต้สุดในยุทธการที่ South Mountain ทรัพย์สินแห่งนี้เป็นของ Central Maryland Heritage League ซึ่งเป็นกลุ่มพิทักษ์สนามรบ[320]
Willoughby : Willoughby South High School เลิกใช้สัญลักษณ์ของสมาพันธรัฐและนำภาพสมาพันธรัฐที่เหลือทั้งหมดออกจากโรงเรียน โดยยังคงชื่อทีม Rebels และสีประจำโรงเรียนเป็นสีเทาและน้ำเงิน ในปี 1993 โรงเรียนได้เลิกใช้เพลงStars and Barsจากเพลงประจำโรงเรียนและนำภาพสมาพันธรัฐออกจากเครื่องแบบของโรงเรียน[376]
Ardmore : Oklahoma Confederate Home ดำเนินการในชื่อ OK Confederate Home ตั้งแต่ปี 1911 ถึงปี 1942 เปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น Oklahoma Veterans Center หลังจากทหารผ่านศึกสมาพันธรัฐคนสุดท้ายที่ยังมีชีวิตอยู่เสียชีวิต[377] [378]
อนุสาวรีย์หินแห่งนี้สร้างขึ้นในปี พ.ศ. 2457 โดย United Daughters of the Confederacy ที่มุมถนนสายที่ 17 และถนน Laurel ในย่าน Fort Sanders โดยถูกทำลายเมื่อเดือนสิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2560 [408]
Obion: Obion Veterans Memorial, honoring those who were killed in service and were MIA-POW in Civil War, World Wars I & II, Korea, Vietnam, Desert Storm, Afghanistan and Iraq (2006)[398]
Nathan Bedford Forrest Statue, made of fiberglass over foam, 25 feet high, on private land[414] near Interstate 65, installed in 1998, built with private money. It is surrounded by Confederate battle flags, constituting what the owner calls "Confederate Flag Park." (No government recognizes it as a park, and the entrance is chained shut with a "No Trespassing" sign.) The giant statue is visible from the highway to anyone entering the city from the south.[415] It has been called "hideous"[415] and "ridiculous."[416] There have been numerous calls for its removal. Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam said: "It's not a statue that I like and [ sic ] that most Tennesseans are proud of in any way."[417] Former Nashville Mayor Megan Barry called the statue "an offensive display of hatred."[417] In 2015, Nashville's Metro Council voted to petition the Tennessee Department of Transportation to plant obscuring vegetation;[418] the Department declined, because it is private land.[415] ("Never mind that the T.D.O.T. itself removed the obscuring vegetation back in 1998, when the statue was first erected."[415][417]) There has been occasional vandalism; in December 2017 it was covered in "pussy-hat pink" paint,[415] which Bill Dorris, current owner of the land, says he intends to leave.[419] He also said that if trees are planted to block the view from I-65, he "would make the statue taller."[414] It was sculpted, at no charge, by notorious racist Jack Kershaw, an attorney for Martin Luther King's murderer, famous for having said "Somebody needs to say a good word for slavery."[420][421]
Sewanee: The University of the South: "Nowhere is the issue of Confederate remembrance more nettlesome than at Sewanee, whose origin[s] are entwined with the antebellum South and the Confederacy."[422] Confederate flags are in stained glass windows of the chapel, as is the Seal of the Confederacy.[422] It benefited greatly at its founding by a large gift from John Armfield, at one time co-owner of Franklin and Armfield, the largest and most prosperous slave trading enterprise in the country. Students as late as 1871 were required to wear uniforms of "cadet gray cloth".[423] Confederate flags hung in the chapel from its dedication in 1909 until the mid-1990s when they were removed "reportedly to improve acoustics".[424] There is an official portrait hanging at the University of Bishop Leonidas Polk, "an ardent defender of slavery,"[422] who was in charge of the celebration of the cornerstone laying in 1857, and said the new university will "materially aid the South to resist and repel a fanatical domination which seeks to rule over us."[425] He resigned his ecclesiastical position to become a major general in the Confederate army (called "Sewanee's Fighting Bishop"), and died in battle in 1864. His official portrait at the University depicts him dressed as a bishop with his army uniform hanging nearby. However, his portrait was moved from Convocation Hall to Archives and Special Collections in 2015.[426] The Confederate flag was also emblazoned on the university mace that led processions marking the beginning and ending of the term from 1965 until 1997. At a special chapel service to celebrate Jefferson Davis' birthday, the Ceremonial Mace was consecrated to the memory of Nathan Bedford Forrest, the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, by Bishop Charles C. J. Carpenter of Alabama – one of the clergy who opposed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s activities in Birmingham in 1963 (see A Call for Unity), prompting King to write his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" in response.[424]
The Vice Chancellor is the chief academic officer at the university; the chancellor is a bishop of the Episcopal church. Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee both turned down offers of the position.[427] (Sewanee has a portrait of Davis.[428]) The first vice chancellor was Rt. Rev. Charles Todd Quintard, called "chaplain of the Confederacy". He compiled the Confederate Soldiers' Pocket Manual of Devotions (Charleston, 1863).[429]
Calhoun Hall, named for William Henry Calhoun, a slave owner, Odd Fellows Grand Master and silversmith who was arrested for his Confederate support on the order of Union Brigadier General Robert Byington Mitchell pending the release of Union prisoners in 1863.[430][431]
Marble bust of Confederate Colonel and Board of Trust Treasurer Edmund William Cole in Kirkland Hall, the administration building.[433] He is also the namesake of the annual Cole Lecture.[434]
The campus includes several buildings tied to slavery and the Confederacy, like McTyeire Hall (named for pro-slavery essayist Holland Nimmons McTyeire) and Elliston Hall (named for Elizabeth Boddie Elliston of the Burlington Plantation, who owned slaves).[435][436][437]
Tourist sites
Pigeon Forge: "Rebel Railroad" was a small theme park built in 1961, its main attraction being a simulated Confederate steam train which afforded "'good Confederate citizens' the opportunity to ride a five mile train route through 'hostile' territory and to help repel a Yankee assault on the train". Rebel Railroad was purchased in 1970 by Art Modell, owner of the Cleveland Browns.[438][439][440] In 2018 it is operating under the name Dollywood.
Morristown, General Longstreet Headquarters Museum[441]
Texas
As of 24 June 2020[update], there are at least 205 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Texas.[96][442] "Nowhere has the national re-examination of Confederate emblems been more riven with controversy than the Lone Star State."[443]
Confederate Soldiers Monument (1903) features four bronze figures representing the Confederate artillery, cavalry, infantry, and navy. A bronze statue of Jefferson Davis stands above them.[445] The inscription reads: "Died for state rights guaranteed under the constitution. The people of the South, animated by the spirit of 1776, to preserve their rights, withdrew from the federal compact in 1861. The North resorted to coercion. The South, against overwhelming numbers and resources, fought until exhausted."[446]
Hood's Texas Brigade, a monument "to memorialize those [who] fought for the Confederacy".[447] "The monument includes a depiction of a Confederate soldier, quotes by Confederate leaders, a flag of the Confederacy and the Confederate battle flag."[448] These are the only Confederate flags currently (2017) visible in the Capitol.[449] Representative Eric Johnson has called for its removal.[448]
The reverse side of the Seal of Texas (1992) includes "the unfurled flags of the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Spain, the United Mexican States, the Republic of Texas, the Confederate States of America, and the United States of America". The Confederate flag is rendered as the Stars and Bars.
The John H. Reagan state office building is located at 1400 Congress.[447]
Monuments
Many monuments were donated by pro-Confederacy groups like Daughters of the Confederacy. County governments at the time voted to accept the gifts and take ownership of the statues.[451][452]
Historical marker, "Home Town of Texas Confederate Major Joseph D. Sayers" (1963)[455]
Bay City: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1913), Matagorda County Courthouse[456][457]
Belton: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Bell County Courthouse[458]
Bonham: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1905), Fannin County Courthouse[459]
Bryan: Commemorative marker, erected 1965, to the Brazos County Confederate Commissioners Court.[460]
Comanche: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (2002), Comanche County Courthouse[461]
Corsicana: Call to Arms (Confederate Soldiers' Monument), by Louis Amateis (1907), Navarro County Courthouse.[462][463] A Civil War bugler stands in uniform holding a bugle to his mouth with his proper right hand. He holds a sword in his proper left hand at his side. He wears a hat with a feather in it and knee-high boots. A bedroll is slung over his proper left shoulder and strapped across his chest and proper right hip. The sculpture is mounted on a rectangular base.[464] "Isaac O'Haver was a member of Co K of the 17th VA Cavalry. He was a 17 year-old bugler for his unit. He was born Sep. 20, 1844 and died at the age of 27 on March 30, 1872. He is buried at the Ladoga Cemetery."[465] The plaques on the monument read:
South side: The Call to Arms Erected 1907 by Navarro chapter United Daughters of the Confederacy To commemorate the valor and heroism of our Confederate Soldiers It is not in the power of mortals to command success The Confederate Soldier did more – he deserved it. "But their fame on brightest pages penned by poets and by pages Shall go sounding down the ages"
West side: "Nor shall your glory be fought while fame her record keeps or honor points the hollowed spot where valor proudly sleeps" "Tell it as you may It never can be told Sing it as you Will It never can be sung The Story of the Glory of the men who wore the gray"
East side: "It is a duty we owe the dead who died for us: – But where memories can never die – It is a duty we owe to posterity to see that our children shall know the virtues And rise worthy of their sires".
North side: The soldiers of the Southern Confederacy fought valiantly for The liberty of state bequeathed them By their forefathers of 1776 "Who Glorified Their righteous cause and they who made The sacrifice supreme in That they died To keep their country free"[464]
Clarksville: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Red River County County Courthouse[466]
Denton: Denton Confederate Soldier Monument, Denton County Courthouse.[467] Cost $2,000; a project of the Denton Chapter, UDC. Dedicated June 3, 1918, Jefferson Davis's birthday.[468] It had "whites only" drinking fountains on each side.[469] In 2015 it was defaced with the words "THIS IS RACIST" in red paint.[470] The twenty-year campaign of a Denton resident, Willie Hudspeth, to have the monument removed was the subject of a Vice news video in 2018.[469] After the wave of Confederate monument removals that followed the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, and in large part as a result of Hudspeth's campaign, a county 15-person Confederate Memorial Committee met for three months in 2017–18 and recommended "adding context" – two video kiosks and a large plaque, "with interviews about local veterans and the history of slavery"[471] – to the monument rather than removing it, a suggestion accepted unanimously by the county commissioners. Once the nature of the historical context has been determined, approval of the Texas Historical Commission will be required.[472] As of September 2018, "the county still does not have a timeline for completing the project and...there were no updates to report".[473] The video caught the attention of Kali Holloway, director of the Make It Right Project, which is working to remove Confederate monuments. She added the Denton monument to the group's "top 10 list" of monuments they consider priorities.[243][473] The statue was removed in June 2020.[474]
Galveston: Dignified Resignation (1909) by Louis Amateis at the Galveston County Courthouse. With his back turned to the US flag while carrying a Confederate flag, it is the only memorial in Texas to feature a Confederate sailor.[476][477] It was "erected to the soldiers and sailors of the Confederate States of America." An inscription on the plaque reads, "there has never been an armed force which in purity of motives intensity of courage and heroism has equaled the army and navy of the Confederate States of America."[446]
Gainesville: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Cooke County Courthouse (1911)[478][479]
Rusk: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Cherokee County Courthouse[499]
Sherman: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1896), Grayson County Courthouse. This was the first Confederate statue dedicated at a county courthouse in Texas.[500]
Anderson: Confederate Memorial Plaza (2010).[509] The plaza beside the Grimes County courthouse flies a Confederate flag behind a gate with metal lettering reading "Confederate Memorial Plaza." A metal statue depicts one of several Grimes County residents who fought with the 4th Texas volunteer infantry brigade in Virginia.[446]
Athens: Henderson County Confederate Monument (1964)
Littlefield Fountain, University of Texas, commemorates George W. Littlefield, a university regent and CSA officer. An inscription reads, "To the men and women of the Confederacy who fought with valor and suffered with fortitude that states [sic] rights be maintained."
Texas Confederate Women's and Men's Historical Markers, at 3710 Cedar St. and 1600 W. Sixth, commemorate campgrounds built to house and care for widows, wives, and veterans of the Confederacy.[447]
Beaumont: "Our Confederate Soldiers" Monument (1912). Removed in June 2020.[510]
Coleman: Hometown of Texas CSA Col. James E. McCord Monument (1963)
College Station: A statue of Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate general and former president of A&M University is located on the campus of Texas A&M University. In August 2017 the Chancellor of the university, John Sharp, confirmed that the university will not be removing the statue from the campus.[511]
Corpus Christi: Queen of the Sea (1914; restored 1990), bas-relief by Pompeo Coppini; UDC-sponsored Confederate memorial featuring an allegorical female figure – representing Corpus Christie – holding keys of success while receiving blessings from Mother Earth and Father Neptune, who are standing next to her.[476] "Coppini was abhorrent of war", and in Queen of the Sea "he crafted a sculpture that symbolized peace and captured the spirit of Corpus Christi".[512]
Statue of Richard W. Dowling, located at the entrance to Hermann Park. Erected in 1905, the monument was in front of City Hall until 1958, when it was moved to its present location. In August 2017 Andrew Schneck was arrested at the statue with bomb materials.[519]
Victoria: Confederate Monument (1912). Pompeo Coppini's statue, called The Last Stand, and sometimes The Firing Line, sits in De Leon Plaza. The inscription reads: "On civilization's height / Immutable they stand". The $5,000 cost was raised by the United Daughters of the Confederacy.
Private monuments
Austin: Confederate monument, Oakwood Cemetery. Erected in 2016 by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[520]
Belton: Monument to Confederate Sargeant Jacob Hemphill. Erected 2016 by Sons of Confederate Veterans.[521]
Crowley: "Confederate Veterans Memorial Monument honoring The Confederate Veterans of Crowley and the surrounding area interred at the Crowley Cemetery." Erected 2011 by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[521]
Hempstead: The Liendo Plantation was a center for Confederate recruiting efforts and held Union prisoners during the war. Now it holds battle reenactments and demonstrations of Civil War era Confederate life at its annual Civil War Weekend.
Orange: The Confederate Memorial of the Wind, located on Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, but visible from I-10, has been under construction since 2013, and will be the largest Confederate monument built since 1916, according to the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[443] A center stone ring is held aloft by 13 pillars, one for each state that seceded. There are twenty commemorative flagpoles.
Palestine: Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza (2013), funded by the Sons of the Confederate Veterans[522]
Donley County (1882) named for Stockton P. Donley, a lawyer who enlisted in the Confederate Army. Just after the war in 1866, he was elected to the Supreme Court of Texas, but was removed by the Reconstruction military government.
Foard County (1891) named for Robert L. Foard, an attorney and Confederate Major.[523]
Gray County (1902) named for Peter W. Gray, a lawyer and legislator who attended the 1861 Texas State Secession Convention, and voted to leave the union. Shortly after, Gray was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives.
Gregg County (1873) named for CSA General John Gregg, who was a delegate to the Texas Secession Convention in 1861 and was elected to represent Texas in the Provisional Confederate Congress in Montgomery, Alabama, and later in Richmond, Virginia. He was killed in action at the Siege of Petersburg in 1864.
Hemphill County and Hemphill city (1877) named for John Hemphill, Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court from 1841 to 1858 until he was elected to the US Senate when Sam Houston refused to support secession. He was expelled from the Senate when Texas seceded in 1861 and then represented Texas in the Provisional Confederate Congress.
Roberts County (1889) named for Oran Milo Roberts, who was unanimously elected president of the 1861 Secession Convention, a meeting that he had been influential in calling. In 1862 he resigned the Supreme Court seat and was elected colonel of the Eleventh Texas infantry in the Confederate Army. He was Governor of Texas from 1879 to 1883.
Columbus: Confederate Memorial Museum. Located in an unusual building, built in 1883, that formerly was the town's water tower, and in the base its Fire Station. It is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark. Curated by UDC, which purchased the building from the town in 1926, when its water system was modernized and the unneeded tower building put up for sale.[524] According to the UDC it holds a collection of artifacts from Civil War soldiers of Columbus and Colorado County. It is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, dedicated, according to UDC, to the veterans of all wars, although the museum holds only Confederate artifacts.[525]
Lakeside, Tarrant County: Confederate Park. The two Confederate flags displayed on each side of the park's marker were removed by the Texas Department of Public Transportation in 2017. Marker text:
Site of Confederate Park // Local businessman Khleber M. Van Zandt organized the Robert E. Lee Camp of the United Confederate Veterans in 1889. By 1900 it boasted more than 700 members. The Club received a 25-year charter to create the Confederate Park Association in 1901, then purchased 373 acres (151 ha) near this site for the "recreation, refuge and relief of Confederate soldiers" and their families. Opening events included a picnic for veterans and families on June 20, 1902, and a statewide reunion September 8–12, 1902, with 3,500 attendees. The park thrived as a center for the civil and social activities on Texas Confederate organizations. By 1924 the numbers [ sic ] of surviving veterans had greatly diminished, and the Confederate Park Association dissolved when its charter expired in 1926.
In July 2018, at approximately the same time that Robert E. Lee Road and Jeff Davis Avenue were renamed, the city's Equity Office recommended changing the names of seven more streets:
Note: "There are similarly named streets in towns and cities across east Texas, notably Port Arthur and Beaumont, as well as memorials to Dowling and the Davis Guards, not least at Sabine Pass, where the battleground is now preserved as a state park"
Lee Elementary School (was renamed Park Hills Elementary School in 2019)[96]
Tascosa High School. Confederacy iconography was dropped in 1974. The school dropped its mascot, Johnny Reb, and stopped playing "Dixie" as their fight song. The Dixieland Singers became the Freedom Singers. Miss Southern Belle became Tascosa Belle. The "Rebel" nickname remained, but other ties to the Civil War disappeared.[529]
Jack C. Hays High School. The school uses the "Rebel" nickname for its athletic teams.[534] Mascot "Colonel Jack" no longer has a Confederate flag belt buckle but still dresses in grey. The school dropped the Confederate flag as an official symbol in 2010 and the school district banned it from all district property in 2012.[535] In 2015 it replaced the school song "Dixie".
Davis High School (1926). In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[538] -now Northside High School.
Dowling Middle School (1968), named for CSA Maj. Richard W. Dowling. In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[538] -now Audrey H. Lawson Middle School.
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson Middle School to Yolanda Black Navarro Middle School of Excellence.
Sydney Lanier, Confederate poet and soldier. In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[538] -now Bob Lanier Middle School.
Lee High School to Margaret Long Wisdom High School.
John H. Reagan High School (1926). In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[538] -now Heights High School.
Johnston Middle School (1959), named for Albert Sidney Johnston. In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[538] -now Meyerland Performing and Visual Arts Middle School.
Marshall: Robert E. Lee Elementary School – closed in 2018.
Lee High School (1961). The school's athletic teams are nicknamed the "Rebels". Lee High School had used the Confederate flag in the past.[539] -now Legacy High School.
San Angelo: Lee Middle School (1949)[96] -now Lone Star Middle School.
San Antonio: Robert E. Lee High School (1958). After voting against a name change in 2015, the school board voted in August 2017 to change the name of the school.[541] In October, district trustees voted 5-2 to name the school Legacy of Educational Excellence, or LEE High School.[542] Its mascot is currently the Volunteer and the school colors are red and grey. Its pep squad, currently called the Southern Belles, were once called the Confederates. Its varsity dance team and junior varsity drill team are respectively named the Rebel Rousers and Dixie Drillers.[446]
Hubbard Middle School (1964), named for Confederate Col. Richard B. Hubbard
Robert E. Lee High School (1958). Called "the city's most radioactive Confederate symbol," the possible renaming of the school was the subject of active discussion at meetings in August and September 2017. In 1970, as a result of a statewide federal desegregation order, the school had to get rid of "its Confederate-themed mascot (the Rebels), fight song ("Dixie"), and prized Confederate flag (so large that it required twenty boys to carry). Its beloved Rebel Guard, a squadron of boys handpicked by an American-history teacher to dress in replica Confederate uniforms at football games and fire a cannon named Ole Spirit after touchdowns, had to find a new name. Same for the Rebelettes drill team."[543] -now Tyler Legacy High School.
Other memorials
Granbury: The city holds an annual General Granbury's Birthday Bash dedicated to Confederate General Hiram B. Granbury
Utah
Dixie, a region of Washington County, Utah; The first president of the Washington Stake was Robert Dockery Covington, a slave owner from North Carolina and Mississippi. There were other Southern settlers; crops such as tobacco and cotton would grow there.[544]
As of 24 June 2020[update], there were at least 241 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Virginia,[96] more than in any other state.[546][547] Virginia also has numerous schools, highways, roads and other public infrastructure named for Confederates. Some have been removed since. Lee-Jackson Day ceased to be a State holiday in 2020.
Washington State
As of 24 June 2020[update], only one public space contains a Confederate connected monument in Washington.[96]
Seattle: United Confederate Veterans Memorial, Lake View Cemetery. Erected in 1926 by United Daughters of the Confederacy.[550] In October 2018, the Make It Right Project put up a billboard in Seattle, saying: "Hey Seattle, there's a Confederate Memorial in your backyard".[551] After years of calls to remove the monument and numerous acts of vandalism against it, the monument was toppled by unknown persons, apparently on July 3, 2020. In the process, the lower ends of both formerly vertical columns were broken in multiple places.[552] The wreckage was discovered by visitors to the cemetery on July 4.
West Virginia
As of 2020[update] there were 21 public spaces with Confederate monuments in West Virginia.[96]
Harpers Ferry: Heyward Shepherd Monument (1931). Although Shepherd was a black freeman working for the railway when killed in John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, the monument was erected by UDC and Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV). They called the project the "Faithful Slave Memorial" for many years and saw it as a way to emphasize their idea that blacks enjoyed being slaves and that men like Shepherd were victims of those seeking to free slaves.[559]
Hinton: Confederate Soldier Monument, Summers County Courthouse (dedicated May 1914)[560] The base of the monument carries the inscription: "(North base:) This monument erected in honor of American valor as displayed by the Confederate soldiers from 1861 to 1865, and to perpetuate to remotest ages the patriotism and fidelity to principles of the heroes who fought and died for a lost cause. (East base:) sacred to the memory of the noble women of the Confederacy, who suffered more and lost as much, with less glory, than the Confederate soldier. (South base:) erected in the year 1914 by Camp Allen Woodrm Confederate veterans and Camp Bob Christian sons of Confederacy veterans and their friends. (West base:) This monument is dedicated to the Confederate soldiers of Greenbrier and New River valleys who followed Lee and Jackson.[561]
Lewisburg: Confederate Monument (1906) The Confederate "monument was erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy at a cost of $2,800. The monument was originally located on the campus of the Greenbrier College, but moved to its present location when U.S. Route 60 was relocated."[562] It is now located on the lawn of the old public library in Lewisburg. Some residents have suggested interpretive signage for the statue.[563] The inscription on the base reads, "In memory of our Confederate dead."[564]
Mingo: Confederate Soldier Monument (1913/2013) The inscription reads in part, "TO THE MEMORY OF THE CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS OF RANDOLPH COUNTY AND VICINITY THIS INCLUDES ALL SOLDIERS WHO DIED IN VALLEY MOUNTAIN"[565]
Parkersburg: Confederate Soldier Monument, (1908) The monument was created by Leon Hermant and the inscription reads in part, " IN MEMORY OF OUR CONFEDERATE DEAD ERECTED BY PARKERSBURG CHAPTER UNITED DAUGHTERS OF CONFEDERACY"[566]
Romney: First Confederate Memorial (1867) Carved on the main facade are the words, "The daughters of Old Hampshire erect this tribute of affection to her heroic sons who fell in defense of Southern Rights."
Union: Monroe County Confederate Soldier Monument (1901); marble statue inscribed "There is a true glory and a true honor. The glory of duty done, the honor of integrity of principle. R. E. Lee"[567]
Inhabited places
Bartow, initially an 1861 Confederate encampment, Camp Bartow, named for the late Confederate Colonel Francis Bartow.[568]: 97
Harding, named for CSA Maj. French Harding.[568]: 297
Charleston: Stonewall Jackson Middle School occupies the building that housed the former Stonewall Jackson High School.
The name was changed to West Side Middle School in July 2020.
Wisconsin
Prairie du Chien: United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) monument to Jefferson Davis at Fort Crawford Cemetery Soldiers' Lot. Davis served briefly at Fort Crawford.[571] The text on the plaque reads, "JEFFERSON DAVIS, 1808–1889, Lieutenant United States Army, Assigned Fort Crawford 1831, Served here with distinction during Black Hawk War, Hero in Mexican War 1846–1848, United States Congressman, Senator, Secretary of War, President Confederate States of America, 1861–1865, Erected by The United Daughters of the Confederacy"[572]
Wisconsin Dells: The Confederate spy Belle Boyd (1844–1900) is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Wisconsin Dells. She would go on tour in the United States and speak about being a spy for the Confederacy. She also wrote a book about her career. She was to speak at a Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) Post in Kilbourne City (now Wisconsin Dells) when she died from a heart attack. Members of the local GAR served as pallbearers at her funeral and was buried at the cemetery. Her grave is marked with a Confederate flag.[573]
Wyoming
Natural features
Yellowstone National Park: The Lamar River (named 1884–85) is named for L.Q.C. Lamar, a secessionist who drafted the instrument of Mississippi's secession and raised a regiment for the Confederates with his own money. He served as a Confederate ambassador to Russia. The river was named while he served as the United States Secretary of the Interior after the war. The Lamar Valley and other park features or administrative names which contain Lamar are derived from this original naming.[574]
International
Brazil
In 1865, at the end of the American Civil War, a substantial number of Southerners left the South; many moved to other parts of the United States, such as the American West, but a few left the country entirely. The most popular country of Southerners emigration was Brazil, which still allowed slavery and wanted to encourage cotton production.[575] These emigrants were known as Confederados. A Confederate monument was erected in the city of Americana, São Paulo state, Brazil.[576]
Canada
Kincardine, Ontario: A monument stood outside the Kincardine library, dedicated to Solomon Secord, a Confederate army physician. It was removed and decommissioned in 2024. [577]
Tuam: Ireland commemorated CSA Major Richard W. Dowling, who was born in the Tuam, with a bronze memorial plaque on the Town Hall bearing his image and life story. Text of plaque: "Major Richard W. (Dick) Dowling C.S.A., 1837–1867 Born Knock, Tuam; Settled Houston Texas, 1857; Outstanding business and civic leader; Joined Irish Davis Guards in American Civil War; With 47 men foiled Invasion of Texas by 5000 federal troops at Sabine Pass, 8 Sept 1863, a feat of superb gunnery; formed first oil company in Texas; Died aged 30 of yellow fever. This plaque was unveiled by Col. J.B. Collerain 31 May 1998"
Scotland
Edinburgh: Dean Cemetery, obelisk for Scottish-born CSA Colonel Robert A. Smith, with a Confederate marker and Confederate flags.[578]
^"In an effort to assist the efforts of local communities to re-examine these symbols, the SPLC launched a study to catalog them. For the final tally, the researchers excluded nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
^This chart is based on data from an SPLC survey which identified "1,503 publicly sponsored symbols honoring Confederate leaders, soldiers or the Confederate States of America in general." The survey excluded "nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
^"The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists."[1]
^Pair of Kentucky Historic Markers located on KY 61, near bridge crossing at Salt River, near Shepherdsville. Marker #1296, "L & N Bridge in Civil War. Destroyed three times by CSA. Partially razed on Sept. 7, 1862, by troops under Col. John Hutcheson. During the occupation of Shepherdsville, Sept. 28, Braxton Bragg's troops again destroyed it, but new bridge was up by Oct. 11. After Battle of Elizabethtown, Dec. 27, John Hunt Morgan's men moved along tracks, destroying everything on way to trestle works at Muldraugh's Hill." Marker #1413, "Morgan-on to Ohio. July 2, 1863, CSA Gen. J. H. Morgan began raid to prevent USA move to Tenn. and Va. Repulsed at Green River, July 4. Defeated a USA force at Lebanon, July 5. Moved through Bardstown, July 6. After night march, crossed here July 7. Rested troops few hours and proceeded to Brandenburg. Crossed to Indiana, July 8. He continued raid until captured in northeast Ohio, July 26." See also Morgan's Raid.[271]
^Kentucky Historic Marker located 2 mi. N. of Somerset, KY 39. Marker #712, "March 30, 1863, USA force of 1,250 under General Q. A. Gillmore overtook 1,550 Confederate cavalry under Gen. John Pegram, here. Five-hour battle resulted. CSA driven from one position to another, withdrew during night across Cumberland. Killed, wounded, missing, CSA 200 and USA 30. On nine-day expedition into Ky., CSA had captured 750 cattle and took 537 across river.".[271]
^Kentucky Historic Marker located Springfield, US 150, KY 55. Marker #689, erected in 1964, "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry moved thru Springfield on raids, July 12 and December 30, 1862. On third raid, into Ohio, after battle of Lebanon, July 5, 1863, Union prisoners brought here but paroled to speed CSA movement. Confederate invasion force of 16,000 here before meeting Union Army in battle at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. See map other side."[271]
^Kentucky Historic Marker #625, "Morgan's Men Here" located in Winchester, Kentucky on Courthouse lawn, US 60 & KY 627. Inscribed "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry first raided Kentucky July, 1862. Took Cynthiana but, faced by large USA forces, withdrew. Destroyed arms here on 19th and went to Richmond. On last raid, June 1864, after two battles at Mt. Sterling, they moved by here to Lexington and to Cynthiana where they met defeat on 12th and retreated to Virginia. See map on other side." Dedicated March 9, 1964. See also Battle of Cynthiana.[271]
References
^ a b c d e f gGunter, Booth; Kizzire, Jamie (April 21, 2016). Gunter, Booth (ed.). "Whose heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy" (PDF). Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
^ a b c dPalmer, Brian; Wessler, Seth Freed (December 2018). "The Costs of the Confederacy". Smithsonian Magazine.
^Shaffer, Josh (October 25, 2018). "NC's highest court will review courtroom portraits amid complaint about pro-slavery judge". Island Packet.
^Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (June 25, 2015). "Take Down the Confederate Flags, but Not the Monuments". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
^Criss, Doug; Elkin, Elizabeth (June 5, 2018). "The state leading the way in removing Confederate monuments? Texas". CNN.
^Cunningham, Anne, ed., The Confederate Flag, p. 31 (quotes original text of SPLC report).
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Further reading
Blight, David W. (2002). Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN978-1558493612.
Blight, David W. (2002). Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Belknap Press. ISBN978-0674008199.
Brown, Thomas J. (2004). The Public Art of Civil War Commemoration: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN978-0312397913.
Brown, Thomas J. (2015). Civil War Canon: Sites of Confederate Memory in South Carolina. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN978-1469620954.
Cox, Karen L. (2003). Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture. University Press of Florida. ISBN978-0813028125.
Hardy, Michael C. (2006). Remembering North Carolina's Confederates. Arcadia. ISBN978-0738542973.
Hesse, Monica (May 8, 2016). "The South's Confederate-monument problem is not going away". The Washington Post.
Itzkowitz, Laura (June 24, 2020). "What Should Happen to Confederate Statues in the U.S." Architectural Digest.
Janney, Caroline E. (2016). Remembering the Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN978-1469629896.
Johnson, Kristina Dunn (2009). No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina. The History Press. ISBN978-1596293977.
Klibanoff, Caroline (June 22, 2017). "Public Memory and Street Names in the South: Who Gets Remembered?". Medium.
Lees, William B.; Gaske, Frederick P. (2014). Recalling Deeds Immortal: Florida Monuments to the Civil War. University Press of Florida. ISBN978-0813049960.
Misra, Tanvi (August 25, 2017). "The South's Love for Confederate Street Names, Mapped". CityLab.
Martin, David G. (1995). Confederate Monuments at Gettysburg. Da Capo Press. ISBN978-0938289487.
Moltke-Hansen, David (2017). "Honoring the Confederate Defeat the Georgia Way". Georgia Historical Quarterly. Vol. 101, no. 1. pp. 1–23.
Neff, John R. (2005). Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation. University Press of Kansas. ISBN978-0700613663.
Richardson, William D.; McNinch-Su, Ron (2001). Martinez, J. Michael (ed.). Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South. University Press of Florida. ISBN978-0813021003.
Robertson, Campbell; Blinder, Alan; Fausset, Richard (August 18, 2017). "In Monument Debate, Calls for an Overdue Reckoning on Race and Southern Identity". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Savage, Kirk (1997). Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0691009476. OCLC 36470304.
Williams, Caroline Randall (June 26, 2020). "You Want a Confederate Monument? My Body Is a Confederate Monument". The New York Times.
Wilson, Charles (2009). Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920 (2nd ed.). University of Georgia Press. ISBN978-0820334257.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America.
Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy (interactive map, 2019)
Confederate monuments are falling, but hundreds still stand. Here's where. (2020 map from The Washington Post showing additions and removals)