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    Digital Circuits and Logic Design

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    ramanaidu1
    The document provides an overview of the history and development of digital circuits and logic design. It discusses the transition from analog to digital signals and early digital hardware using relays and vacuum tubes. Key developments include the invention of the transistor, integrated circuits, microprocessors like the 4004 and 8086, and Moore's Law predicting exponential growth in the number of transistors. The document outlines the digital design process from specification to fabrication on silicon wafers using technologies like CMOS, FPGAs, ASICs, and describes how digital logic circuits are used to build modern computer hardware and other digital products.

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    Digital Circuits and Logic Design

    Uploaded by

    ramanaidu1
    63 views42 pages
    The document provides an overview of the history and development of digital circuits and logic design. It discusses the transition from analog to digital signals and early digital hardware using relays and vacuum tubes. Key developments include the invention of the transistor, integrated circuits, microprocessors like the 4004 and 8086, and Moore's Law predicting exponential growth in the number of transistors. The document outlines the digital design process from specification to fabrication on silicon wafers using technologies like CMOS, FPGAs, ASICs, and describes how digital logic circuits are used to build modern computer hardware and other digital products.

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    The document provides an overview of the history and development of digital circuits and logic design. It discusses the transition from analog to digital signals and early digital hardware using relays and vacuum tubes. Key developments include the invention of the transistor, integrated circuits, microprocessors like the 4004 and 8086, and Moore's Law predicting exponential growth in the number of transistors. The document outlines the digital design process from specification to fabrication on silicon wafers using technologies like CMOS, FPGAs, ASICs, and describes how digital logic circuits are used to build modern computer hardware and other digital products.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    63 views42 pages

    Digital Circuits and Logic Design

    Uploaded by

    ramanaidu1
    The document provides an overview of the history and development of digital circuits and logic design. It discusses the transition from analog to digital signals and early digital hardware using relays and vacuum tubes. Key developments include the invention of the transistor, integrated circuits, microprocessors like the 4004 and 8086, and Moore's Law predicting exponential growth in the number of transistors. The document outlines the digital design process from specification to fabrication on silicon wafers using technologies like CMOS, FPGAs, ASICs, and describes how digital logic circuits are used to build modern computer hardware and other digital products.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 42

    Digital Circuits and Logic Design

    Lecture1 : Digital System

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Digital and Analog
    A digital signal is a signal that at any
    time can have one of a finite set of
    possible values , and is also know as
    a discrete signal .

    An analog signal can have one


    of an infinite number of possible
    values , and is also know as a
    continuous signal

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Switch and Binary Representation

    The most commom digital signal are those that can


    have one of only two possible values , like on or
    off (0 and 1) => switch => a binary representation

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Switch and Binary Representation

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Digital and Analog

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Digital and Analog

    More and more analog products are becoming digital.


    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    Ex. Keypad Encoding

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Ideal Switch to Real Switch

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Digital Hardware

    1930’s Relays
    1940’s VacuumTube – No moving part ,
    Faster than Relays

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Digital Hardware
    • Logic circuits are used to build computer
    hardware as well as other products
    • Late 1960’s and early 1970’s saw a
    revolution in digital capability
    – Smaller transistors
    – Larger chip size
    • More transistors/chip gives greater functionality,
    but requires more complexity in the design
    process

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    ENIAC - The First Electronic Computer
    ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator) 1946

    5000 addition per


    second OR 400
    multiplications per
    second
    (200,000 times
    speed up compared
    with hand
    calculation)

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    ENIAC - The First Electronic Computer

    17,468 vacuum tubes


    70,000 resistors
    10,000 capacitors
    1,500 relays
    6,000 manual
    switches
    160 kilowatts
    167 square meters
    30 tons

    Size:
    -80 feet long
    -30 feet wide
    -8.5 feet high
    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    The First ‘BUG’
    In 1947, Grace Murray Hopper was working on the Harvard
    University Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator (a primitive computer).
    On the 9th of September, 1947, when the machine was
    experiencing problems, an investigation showed that there
    was a moth trapped between the points of Relay #70, in Panel F.

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    The First Transistor (1947)

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Silicon Wafer
    Silicon wafer is a high-purity doped silicon

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Silicon Wafer
    Silicon wafer is mainly used for making integrated
    circuit (IC) chip such as microprocessors, memory
    devices, diodes, transistors specific IC application.
    A small portion for sensor or detector
    manufacturing.

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Bipolar Junction Transistor

    Die of a KSY34 high-frequency NPN Transistor

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    CMOS
    g=0 g=1
    d d

    nMOS off on
    s s

    d d

    pMOS on off
    s s

    Ex. CMOS AND gate


    Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)
    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    The First Integrated Circuit (IC)
    - Jack Kirby, invented
    Integrated Circuits in
    1958 at Texas Instruments.
    - He argued that by
    putting all electronic
    components into a single
    The first working integrated circuit was
    created by Jack Kilby in 1958. It die, performance would
    contains a single transistor and
    supporting components on a slice of
    increase and cost would
    germanium and measures 1/16 by 7/16 decrease.
    inches (1.6 x 11.1 mm).

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    The First Logic IC

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    INTegrated ELectronics=Intel (1968)

    Noyce and Moore


    leave Fairchild and
    found Intel. No
    business plan, just a
    promise to specialize
    memory chips.

    Pioneers of the Electronic Age


    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    Intel 4004 Micro-Processor (1971)

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    8008

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    8080

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    8086/8088

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    80386

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Pentium 4

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    The Die of Intel CPU

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Intel summary

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Moore’s Law
    • Gordon Moore: co-founder of Intel.
    – Predicted that number of transistors per
    chip would grow exponentially (double
    every 18 months).
    – Exponential improvement in technology is
    a natural trend: steam engines, dynamos,
    automobiles.
    • Today, the price of a transistor is less than a grain
    of rice

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Moore’s Law

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    Types of chips
    Standard chips
    – Contain a small amount of circuitry
    (<100 transistors)
    – Performs simple functions
    – Ex. 7400 series devices
    Programmable logic devices (PLD)
    – Collection of gates with programmable
    interconnections
    – Function is configurable by designer/user
    – Design with PLD is via a CAD tool
    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    Types of chips

    Custom-designed chips
    – Optimized for a specific task – better
    performance
    – Larger amount of logic circuitry
    – Cost of production is high
    – Large volume required to justify cost

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    A field-programmable gate array

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    The Development Process (1)

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    The Development Process (2)

    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)


    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)
    112341 Digital Circuits and Logic Design 2010 (KTS)

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