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Digital Circuitry
CS 221
Prof.Dr. Mohamed Osama Khozium
1. Number Systems

Location in
course textbook

Chapt. 1
 Digital Hardware Systems
Digital Systems
Digital vs. Analog Waveforms

+5 +5
1 0 1
V V
Time Time
–5 –5

Digital: Analog:
only assumes discrete values values vary over a broad range
continuously
 Digital Hardware Systems
• Digital Binary System
– Two discrete values:
• yes, on, 5 volts, current flowing, "1"
• no, off, 0 volts, no current flowing, "0”
– Advantage of binary systems:
• Rigorous (exact) mathematical foundation
based on logic
• it’s easy to implement
IF the garage door is open both the door must
AND the car is running be open and the car
running before I can
THEN the car can be backed out of the garage back out

the preconditions must be true to imply the conclusion

 Binary Bit and Group Definitions

• Bit - a single binary digit

• Nibble - a group of four bits
• Byte - a group of eight bits
• Word - depends on processor; 8, 16, 32,
or 64 bits
• LSB - Least Significant Bit (on the right)
• MSB - Most Significant Bit (on the left)
 Binary Representation of Information

• Information divided into groups of symbols

– 26 English letters
– 10 decimal digits
– 50 states in USA
• Digital systems manipulate information as
1’s & 0’s
• The mapping of symbols to binary value is
known as a “code”
• The mapping must be unique
 Common Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.
 Conversion Among Bases

• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Next slide…
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal

• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal

• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Decimal

• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary

• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-
significant bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Binary

• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Binary

• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal

• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Hexadecimal

• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
End of the first week
Thank you