DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN (DLD)

DR. BENISH AMIN

Number Systems
• A number system defines how a number can be
represented using distinct symbols. A number can be
represented differently in different system.
Positional Number System
• In positional number system, there are only few symbols called
digits, and these symbols represent different values depending on
the position they occupy in the number.
Commonly used number systems are:
• Decimal
• Binary
• Octal
• Hexadecimal
Number System
Why do we need more number systems?
• Humans understand decimal
• Digital electronics (computers) understand binary
• Since computers have 32, 64, and even 128 bit busses, displaying
numbers in binary is cumbersome
• Data on a 32 bit data bus would look like the following:
0110 1001 0111 0001 0011 0100 1100 1010
• Hexadecimal (base 16) and octal (base 8) number systems are
used to represent binary data in a more compact form.
Decimal Number System
• The word decimal is a derivative of decem, which is the Latin word for
ten.

• The number system that we use day-to-day life is called the Decimal
number system.

• The most popular & commonly used number system is the Decimal
number system as it supports the entire mathematical & accounting
concept in the world.

• The base is equal to ten because there are altogether ten digits
(0,1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)10
Binary Number System
• The binary number system uses two digits to represent numbers, the
values are 0 & 1. This numbering system is sometime called the Base
2 numbering system (0,1).

• Binary digit  is often referred to by the common abbreviation BIT.

Thus, a “bit” in a computer terminology means either a 0 or a 1.

• This number system is natural to an electronic machines or devices

as their mechanism based on the OFF or ON switching of the circuits.

• Therefore, 0 represent the OFF & 1 represent ON state of the circuit.

Octal Number System
• The octal number system uses eight values to represent numbers.
The values are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)8 and the base of this system is
eight.
Hexadecimal Number System
• The hexadecimal number system has 16-digits or symbols (hexa
means six & decimal means 10 so sum is sixteen) are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5,6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)16, so it has the base 16.

• This system uses numerical values from 0 to 9 & alphabets from A

to F.

• Alphabets A to F represent decimal numbers from 10 to 15.

Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17
Conversion Among Bases

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Converting To and From Decimal
Decimal10
0123456789
Successive Weighted
Division Multiplication
Weighted Successive
Multiplication Division

Successive Weighted
Division Multiplication

Octal8 Hexadecimal16
01234567 0123456789ABCDEF

Binary2
01
Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
Decimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base
Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Decimal
• Technique
• Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results
Example

Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Decimal
• Technique
• Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results
Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
• Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results
Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary
• Technique
• Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
• First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
• Second remainder is bit 1
Example

12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1

2 31 0
15 1
2
7 1
2
2 3 1

2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Octal
• Technique
• Divide by 8
• Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?8
8 1234
154 2
8
19 2
8
2 3
8
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
• Divide by 16
• Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?16
16 1234
16 77 2

16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Binary
• Technique
• Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary
representation
Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
• Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary
representation
Example

10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
• Technique
• Group bits in threes, starting on right
• Convert to octal digits
Example

10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
• Group bits in fours, starting on right
• Convert to hexadecimal digits
Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
• Use binary as an intermediary
Example
10768 = ?16
1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
• Use binary as an intermediary
Example
1F0C16 = ?8 1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
Exercise – Convert ...

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF
Exercise – Convert …

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
Common Powers
• Base 10
Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro  .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000
Common Powers
• Base 2
Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory, the base-2 interpretation
generally applies
Review – multiplying powers
• For common bases, add powers

ab  ac = ab+c

26  210 = 216 = 65,536

or…
26  210 = 64  210 = 64k
Binary Addition
• Two 1-bit values

A B A+ B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”
Binary Addition
• Two n-bit values
• Add individual bits
• Propagate carries
• E.g.,

1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46
Multiplication
• Binary, two 1-bit values

A B AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Multiplication
• Binary, two n-bit values
• As with decimal values
• E.g.,

1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
Assignment:
• How to make conversion of Fractions in different Bases?