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    CMchap08Chang3ed Handout

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    CMchap08Chang3ed Handout

    Uploaded by

    vannaputriw
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    jk

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    14 views25 pages

    CMchap08Chang3ed Handout

    Uploaded by

    vannaputriw
    jk

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    The Periodic Table

    Chapter 8

    Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
    When the Elements Were Discovered

    8.1
    ns2np6
    ns1 Ground State Electron Configurations of the Elements

    ns2np1

    ns2np2
    ns2np3

    ns2np4
    ns2np5
    ns2

    d10
    d1

    d5

    4f
    5f

    8.2
    Classification of the Elements

    8.2
    Electron Configurations of Cations and Anions
    Of Representative Elements

    Na [Ne]3s1 Na+ [Ne]


    Atoms ___________ electrons
    Ca [Ar]4s2 Ca2+ [Ar] so that cation has a noble-gas
    outer electron configuration.
    Al [Ne]3s23p1 Al3+ [Ne]

    H 1s1 H- 1s2 or [He]


    Atoms ____________
    electrons so that anion F 1s22s22p5 F- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
    has a noble-gas outer
    O 1s22s22p4 O2- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
    electron configuration.
    N 1s22s22p3 N3- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
    8.2
    +1 Cations and Anions Of Representative Elements
    +2

    +3

    -3
    -2
    -1
    8.2
    Na+: [Ne] Al3+: [Ne] F-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]

    O2-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne] N3-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]

    Na+, Al3+, F-, O2-, and N3- are all ________________ with Ne

    What neutral atom is isoelectronic with H- ?

    __________________________________

    8.2
    Electron Configurations of Cations of Transition Metals

    When a ___________________ is formed from an atom of a


    _______________________, electrons are always removed
    first from the ns orbital and then from the (n – 1)d orbitals.

    Fe: [Ar]4s23d6 Mn: [Ar]4s23d5


    Fe2+: [Ar]4s03d6 or [Ar]3d6 Mn2+: [Ar]4s03d5 or [Ar]3d5
    Fe3+: [Ar]4s03d5 or [Ar]3d5

    8.2
    ______________________________ (Zeff)
    is the “positive charge” felt by an electron.

    Zeff = Z - s 0 < s < Z (s = ____________________)

    Zeff  Z – number of inner or core electrons

    Z Core Zeff Radius

    Na 11 10 1 186
    Within a Period
    Mg 12 10 2 160 as Zeff increases,
    ________________
    Al 13 10 3 143 decreases

    Si 14 10 4 132
    8.3
    8.3
    Atomic Radii

    8.3
    8.3
    Cation is always ________________
    than atom from which it is formed.
    Anion is always _________________
    than atom from which it is formed.

    8.3
    8.3
    ______________ is the minimum energy (kJ/mol) required to
    remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state.

    I1 + X (g) X+(g) + e- I1 first ionization energy

    I2 + X (g) X2+(g) + e- I2 second ionization energy

    I3 + X (g) X3+(g) + e- I3 third ionization energy

    I1 < I2 < I3

    8.4
    Filled n=1 shell
    Filled n=2 shell

    Filled n=3 shell


    Filled n=4 shell
    Filled n=5 shell

    8.4
    General Trend in First Ionization Energies
    Increasing First Ionization Energy
    Increasing First Ionization Energy

    8.4
    ____________________________ is the negative of the
    energy change that occurs when an electron is accepted
    by an atom in the gaseous state to form an anion.

    X (g) + e- X-(g)

    F (g) + e- X-(g) DH = -328 kJ/mol EA = +328 kJ/mol

    O (g) + e- O-(g) DH = -141 kJ/mol EA = +141 kJ/mol

    8.5
    8.5
    Reason: _____________________________________________
    8.6
    Group 1A Elements (ns1, n  2)

    M M+1 + 1e-

    2M(s) + 2H2O(l) 2MOH(aq) + H2(g)


    4M(s) + O2(g) 2M2O(s)
    Increasing reactivity

    8.6
    Group 2A Elements (ns2, n  2)

    M M+2 + 2e-
    Be(s) + 2H2O(l) No Reaction

    Mg(s) + 2H2O(g) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

    M(s) + 2H2O(l) M(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) M = Ca, Sr, or Ba


    Increasing reactivity

    8.6
    Group 3A Elements (ns2np1, n  2)

    4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)

    2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)

    8.6
    Group 7A Elements (ns1np5, n  2)

    X + 1e- X-1

    X2(g) + H2(g) 2HX(g)

    Increasing reactivity
    8.6

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